Figure 3.

A schematic diagram showing the evolvement of glucose sensors from the first generation to the nanostructured materials used in glucose sensors. (a, b) Standard glucose oxidase- (GOx-) based electrochemical biosensors utilizing a GOx layer to recognize glucose and generate an electrochemical signal which is transferred from the enzyme through O₂ reduction to H₂O₂. (c, d) shows the incorporation of nanomaterials such as CNTs or nanocomposites consisting of multiple nanomaterials into the sensors in order to increase surface area, improve catalytic action, modify operating parameters, and improve electron transfer from the enzyme to the electrode [39].