Figure 6.

A schematic representation of the p24 sandwich immunoassay: (a) the top surface of the cantilever is functionalized with capture antibodies against HIV-1 p24 antigen. Antifouling molecules are immobilized on the bottom surface of the cantilever and voids between the antibodies to minimize nonspecific interactions. The cantilever is then immersed in the human serum sample to allow specific binding of p24 to the cantilever surface (middle schematic). Finally, the p24 antigen captured on the cantilever is specifically linked to 100 nm-diameter gold nanoparticles that carry detection antibodies. (b) Schematics of the 96-well microtiter plate format, in which the immunoassays were carried out. Reproduced from Kosaka et al. [96] an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.