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Nicotine-induced CPA is mediated by VTA dopamine neurons. A high dose of acute nicotine (1.75 mg/kg) in mice produces a conditioned aversive response in control mice. This CPA was not observed in β2-KO and β2-GABA mice, but rescued in β2-VTA and β2-DA mice. Data and error bars represent mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05.
