Table 2.
In vitro (metabolism and/or depletion) and in vivo (An. gambiae and D. melanogaster) functional validation of An. gambiae Cyp6m2, Cyp6p3, and Gste2 genes
| Class, insecticide, and gene | In vitro | An. gambiae (this study) | D. melanogaster |
| Pyrethroids | |||
| Permethrin | |||
| Cyp6m2 | ✓ (11),* (19)† | ✓ | ✓ (15) |
| Cyp6p3 | ✓ (10),* (19)† | ✓ | ✓ (15) |
| Gste2 | N/A | ✗ | ✗ (20) |
| Deltamethrin | |||
| Cyp6m2 | ✓ (11),* (19)† | ✓ | ✓ (15) |
| Cyp6p3 | ✓ (10),* (19)† | ✓ | ✓ (15) |
| Gste2 | N/A | ✗ | N/A |
| Organochlorines | |||
| DDT | |||
| Cyp6m2 | ✗ (19),† ✓ (12)*,‡ | ✗ | ✓ (15) |
| Cyp6p3 | ✗ (19)† | ✗ | N/A |
| Gste2 | ✓ (9, 13)* | ✓ | ✓ (13, 20) |
| Carbamates | |||
| Bendiocarb | |||
| Cyp6m2 | ✗ (15, 19)† | ✗ | ✓ (15) |
| Cyp6p3 | ✓ (15, 19)† | ✓ | ✓ (15) |
| Gste2 | N/A | ✗ | N/A |
| Organophosphates | |||
| Malathion | |||
| Cyp6m2 | ✓ (28),* (19)† | ✓ | N/A |
| Cyp6p3 | ✓ (19)† | ✓ | N/A |
| Gste2 | N/A | ✗ | N/A |
| Fenitrothion | |||
| Cyp6m2 | ✓ (19)† | N/A | N/A |
| Cyp6p3 | ✓ (19)† | N/A | N/A |
| Gste2 | N/A | ✓ | N/A |
Presence (✓) or absence (✗) of in vitro activity or in vivo WHO-defined insecticide resistance (An. gambiae) or increased insecticide tolerance (D. melanogaster). N/A, no information available.
*
Data in reference indicated that metabolism of substrate had been observed through the production of metabolites.
†
Data in reference indicated that substrate had been depleted with no direct evidence of metabolite production.
‡
In the presence of added cholate.