Fig. 12.

Proposed mechanism of interaction between BQ and Trx1 leading to ASK1/p38-MAPK signalling pathway activation. The red-cross indicates the inhibition effect, and the down arrow indicates the level decrease. Abbreviations: Trx, thioredoxin; TrxR, thioredoxin reductase, Grx, glutaredoxin; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GR, glutathione reductase; Ox, oxidized; Red, reduced; ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)