Table 3.
Participants and their family characteristics across categories of parental smoking.
| Characteristic | Neither Parent n (%) | Only Father n (%) | Only Mother n (%) | Both Parents n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Under-5 child mortality | <0.001 | ||||
| No death | 6945 (90.4) | 9666 (88.2) | 121 (79.6) | 396 (78.3) | |
| At least one death | 741 (9.6) | 1291 (11.8) | 31 (20.4) | 110 (21.7) | |
| Residence | <0.001 | ||||
| Rural | 3123 (40.6) | 3982 (36.3) | 36 (23.7) | 130 (25.7) | |
| Urban | 4563 (59.4) | 6975 (63.7) | 116 (76.3) | 376 (74.3) | |
| Father’s age | <0.001 | ||||
| <25 | 434 (5.6) | 494 (4.5) | 10 (6.6) | 11 (2.2) | |
| 25–39 | 3962 (51.5) | 5639 (51.5) | 58 (38.2) | 228 (45.1) | |
| >39 | 3290 (42.8) | 4824 (44.0) | 84 (55.3) | 267 (52.8) | |
| Mother’s age | <0.001 | ||||
| <25 | 1033 (13.4) | 1297 (11.8) | 14 (9.2) | 23 (4.5) | |
| 25–39 | 4583 (59.6) | 6499 (59.3) | 290 (57.3) | 290 (57.3) | |
| >39 | 2070 (26.9) | 3161 (28.8) | 193 (38.1) | 193 (38.1) | |
| Father’s education | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 370 (4.9) | 513 (4.8) | 18 (12.9) | 48 (10.6) | |
| Primary | 2253 (30.0) | 4204 (39.6) | 63 (45.0) | 246 (54.2) | |
| Secondary | 3159 (42.1) | 4738 (44.6) | 42 (30.0) | 137 (30.2) | |
| Higher | 1717 (22.9) | 1174 (11.0) | 17 (12.1) | 23 (5.1) | |
| Mother’s education | <0.001 | ||||
| No education | 480 (6.7) | 621 (6.1) | 36 (29.0) | 73 (18.3) | |
| Primary | 2592 (36.0) | 4216 (41.2) | 49 (39.5) | 212 (53.0) | |
| Secondary | 2976 (41.3) | 4375 (42.7) | 30 (24.2) | 101 (25.3) | |
| Higher | 1156 (16.0) | 1026 (10.0) | 9 (7.3) | 14 (3.5) | |
| Father’s occupation | <0.001 | ||||
| Did not work | 143 (2.7) | 84 (1.0) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Professional | 1097 (20.8) | 946 (11.5) | 18 (18.4) | 29 (10.6) | |
| Sales and Service | 1141 (21.6) | 2077 (25.3) | 9 (9.2) | 47 (17.2) | |
| Worker | 2895 (54.9) | 5093 (62.1) | 68 (69.4) | 196 (71.8) | |
| Mother’s occupation | <0.001 | ||||
| Did not work | 1719 (32.6) | 2991 (36.5) | 29 (29.6) | 76 (27.8) | |
| Professional | 711 (13.5) | 722 (8.8) | 14 (14.3) | 13 (4.8) | |
| Sales and Service | 1372 (26.0) | 2034 (24.8) | 13 (13.3) | 67 (24.5) | |
| Worker | 1476 (28.0) | 2449 (29.9) | 42 (42.9) | 117 (42.9) | |
| Wealth Index | <0.001 | ||||
| Q1 (poorest) | 1201 (15.6) | 2800 (25.6) | 51 (33.6) | 210 (41.5) | |
| Q2 | 1377 (17.9) | 2495 (22.8) | 36 (23.7) | 121 (23.9) | |
| Q3 | 1465 (19.1) | 2186 (20.0) | 23 (15.1) | 81 (16.0) | |
| Q4 | 1653 (21.5) | 1956 (17.9) | 24 (15.8) | 60 (11.9) | |
| Q5 (richest) | 1990 (25.9) | 1520 (13.9) | 18 (11.8) | 34 (6.7) | |
| Year of survey | <0.001 | ||||
| Year 2016 | 1030 (13.4) | 837 (7.6) | 47 (30.9) | 58 (11.5) | |
| Before or after 2016 | 6656 (86.6) | 10120 (92.4) | 105 (69.1) | 448 (88.5) |