Table 4.
Associations of parental smoking, smoking amount and smoking frequency with under-5 child mortality in four South East Asian countries.
| Parental Smoking | Under-5 Child Mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Parental smoking | ||||
| Neither parent | 1 | 1 | ||
| Only father | 1.25 (1.14, 1.38) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.04, 1.29) a | 0.007 |
| Only mother | 2.40 (1.61, 3.59) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.40, 3.41) a | 0.001 |
| Both parents | 2.60 (2.08, 3.26) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.46, 2.50) a | <0.001 |
| Paternal smoking amount | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–10 cigarettes/day | 1.68 (1.46, 1.95) | <0.001 | 1.28 (1.10, 1.50) b | 0.001 |
| 11–20 cigarettes/day | 1.45 (1.26, 1.68) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.02, 1.37) b | 0.031 |
| >20 cigarettes/day | 1.56 (1.26, 193) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.08, 1.66) b | 0.009 |
| Maternal smoking amount | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–10 cigarettes/day | 2.08 (1.70, 2.56) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.23, 2.03) c | <0.001 |
| >10 cigarettes/day | 3.12 (1.88, 5.19) | <0.001 | 1.93 (1,08, 3.46) c | 0.028 |
| Both parents’ smoking amount | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–20 cigarettes/day | 1.66 (1.41, 1.95) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.00, 1.41) a | 0.050 |
| >20 cigarettes/day | 2.34 (1.90, 2.89) | <0.001 | 1.56 (1.24, 1.95) a | <0.001 |
| Paternal smoking frequency | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | ||
| Some days | 1.24 (1.11, 1.37) | 0.711 | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) b | 0.328 |
| Every day | 1.24 (1.11, 1.37) | <0.001 | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) b | 0.179 |
| Maternal smoking frequency | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | ||
| Some days | 1.67 (1.16, 2.40) | 0.005 | 1.56 (1.05, 2.30) c | 0.026 |
| Every day | 2.41 (1.87, 3.11) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.48, 2.76) c | <0.001 |
a Adjusting for residence, mother’s education, father’s education, wealth index; b Adjusting for residence, father’s education, wealth index; c Adjusting for residence, mother’s education, wealth index.