Table 5.
Comparison of oral hygiene variables between children in reception centers and those living with their family according to monthly income (N = 456).
| Oral Hygiene | CRC n = 51 |
CLF Income <1000 € n = 83 |
CLF Income 1001 €–2000 € n = 98 |
CLF Income >2000 € n = 224 |
CLF Total n = 454 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily tooth brushing frequency ** | ≥twice n (%) | 17 (33.3) | 57 (67.1) | 75 (73.5) | 184 (82.1) | 316(76.9) |
| <twice n (%) | 34 (66.7) | 28 (32.9) | 27 (26.5) | 40 (17.9) | 95(23.1) | |
| OR (95 CI) ** | 1 | 4.0 (1.9–8.5) | 5.5 (2.6–11.5) | 9.2 (4.6–18.0) | 6.6(3.5–12.4) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 4.9 (2.2–10.6) | 6.4 (2.9–13.7) | 11.8 (5.7–24.3) | 8.6(4.2–16.3) | |
| Dentist visits during the previous year ** | Yes n (%) | 17 (34.0) | 68 (82.9) | 90 (90.9) | 203 (91.4) | 361(89.6) |
| No n (%) | 33 (66.0) | 14 (17.1) | 9 (9.1) | 19 (8.6) | 42(10.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 9.4 (4.1–21.4) | 19.4 (7.8–47.7) | 20.7 (9.7–43.9) | 16.6(8.5–32.4) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 10.0 (4.3–23.0) | 18.5 (7.5–45.7) | 20.7 (9.7–43.9) | 19.0(9.4–38.4) | |
| Brush when getting up in the morning ** | Yes n (%) | 9 (17.6) | 53 (62.4) | 55 (54.5) | 108 (48.0) | 216(52.6) |
| No n (%) | 42 (82.4) | 32 (37.6) | 46 (45.5) | 117 (52.0) | 195(47.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 7.7 (3.3–17.9) | 5.5 (2.4–12.6) | 4.3 (2.0–9.2) | 5.1(2.4–10.8) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 7.8 (3.3–18.2) | 5.8 (2.5–13.3) | 4.3 (2.0–9.2) | 5.6(2.6–12.1) | |
| Brush after every main meal ** | Yes n (%) | 6 (11.8) | 37 (44.6) | 51 (51.0) | 102 (45.3) | 190(46.6) |
| No n (%) | 45 (88.2) | 46 (55.4) | 49 (49.0) | 123 (54.7) | 218(53.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 6.0 (2.3–15.6) | 7.8 (3.0–19.9) | 6.2 (2.5–15.1) | 6.5(2.7–15.6) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 6.3 (2.4–16.4) | 7.6 (2.9–19.6) | 6.2 (2.5–15.1) | 6.7(2.7–16.2) | |
| Wash before going to bed at night ** | Yes n (%) | 13 (25.5) | 64 (77.1) | 86 (85.1) | 191 (85.7) | 341(83.8) |
| No n (%) | 38 (74.5) | 19 (22.9) | 15 (14.9) | 32 (14.3) | 66(16.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 9.8 (4.3–22.1) | 16.7 (7.2–38.6) | 17.4 (8.3–36.2) | 15.1(7.6–29.8) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 12.2 (5.1–28.8) | 23.8 (9.6–58.4) | 23.0 (10.4–50.9) | 20.(9.5–42.2) | |
| Use toothbrush ** | Yes n (%) | 41 (80.4) | 84 (98.8) | 102 (100.0) | 223 (99.6) | 409(99.5) |
| No/unknown n (%) | 10 (19.6) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 2(0.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 20.4 (2.5–165.5) | ª | 54.3 (6.7–436.4) | 49.8(10.5235.4) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 20.0 (2.4–161.6) | ª | 54.3 (6.7–436.4) | 55.7(11.3–272.8) | |
| Use toothpaste ** | Yes n (%) | 40 (78.4) | 84 (98.8) | 100 (98.0) | 222 (99.1) | 406(98.8) |
| No/unknown n (%) | 11 (21.6) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 5(1.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 23.1 (2.8–185.1) | 13.7 (2.9–64.8) | 30.5 (6.5–142.9) | 22.3(7.3–67.4) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 22.5 (2.8–180.8) | 13.2 (2.7–62.2) | 30.5 (6.5–142.9) | 23.9(7.7–74.6) | |
| Use mouthwash | Yes n (%) | 9 (17.6) | 31 (36.5) | 45 (44.6) | 81 (36.5) | 157(38.5) |
| No/unknown n (%) | 42 (82.4) | 54 (63.5) | 56 (55.4) | 141 (63.5) | 251(61.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) * | 1 | 2.6 (1.1–6.2) | 3.7 (1.6–8.5) | 2.6 (1.2–5.7) | 2.9(1.3–6.1) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 3.7 (1.5–9.0) | 5.0 (2.1–11.9) | 3.6 (1.6–8.1) | 3.9(1.8–8.7) | |
| Use dental floss * | Yes n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 17 (20.0) | 30 (29.4) | 45 (20.4) | 92(22.5) |
| No/unknown n (%) | 48 (94.1) | 68 (80.0) | 72 (70.6) | 176 (79.6) | 316(77.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) * | 1 | 4.0 (1.1–14.4) | 6.6 (1.9–23.0) | 4.0 (1.2–13.7) | 4.6(1.4–15.3) | |
| ORa (95% CI) * | 1 | 4.1 (1.1–14.8) | 6.7 (1.9–23.3) | 4.0 (1.2–13.7) | 4.7(1.4–15.7) | |
| Use toothpick ** | No/unknown n (%) | 32 (62.7) | 72 (84.7) | 79 (77.5) | 208 (93.7) | 359(87.8) |
| Yes n (%) | 19 (37.3) | 13 (15.3) | 23 (22.5) | 14 (6.3) | 50(12.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 3.2 (1.4–7.4) | 2.0 (0.9–4.2) | 8.8 (4.0–19.3) | 4.2(2.2–8.0) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 3.2 (1.4–7.4) | 2.2 (1.0–4.6) | 9.4 (4.2–20.8) | 4.2(2.1–8.1) | |
| Type of toothbrush ** | Electrical n (%) | 3 (5.9) | 33 (38.8) | 42 (41.2) | 93 (41.7) | 168(41.0) |
| Manual n (%) | 48 (94.1) | 52 (61.2) | 60 (58.8) | 130 (58.3) | 242(59.0) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 10.1 (2.9–35.2) | 11.2 (3.2–38.3) | 11.4 (3.4–37.8) | 11.1(3.4–36.2) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 10.5 (3.0–36.7) | 11.0 (3.2–37.9) | 11.4 (3.4–37.8) | 11.3(3.4–37.4) | |
| Share toothbrush with others ** | Yes n (%) | 9 (17.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 4(1.0) |
| No n (%) | 42 (82.4) | 81 (100.0) | 97 (98.0) | 221 (99.1) | 399(99.0) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | ª | 10.3 (2.1–50.1) | 23.6 (4.9–113.5) | 21.3(6.3–72.3) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | ª | 9.9 (2.0–48.1) | 23.6 (4.9–113.5) | 25.9(7.4–90.6) | |
| Tooth brushing duration ** | 1–3 min n (%) | 17 (33.3) | 60 (70.6) | 68 (66.7) | 152 (67.6) | 280(64.1) |
| < 1 min n (%) | 34 (66.7) | 25 (29.4) | 34 (33.3) | 73 (32.4) | 132(32.0) | |
| OR (95% CI) ** | 1 | 4.8 (2.2–10.1) | 4.0 (1.9–8.1) | 4.1 (2.1–7.9) | 4.2(2.2–7.8) | |
| ORa (95% CI) ** | 1 | 6.6 (3.0–14.6) | 5.0 (2.3–10.6) | 5.3 (2.7–10.5) | 5.5(2.8–10.7) | |
CRC: children in reception centers. CLF: children living in a family. OR: Odds Ratio. ORa: Odds Ratio adjusted for age and sex. ª OR calculation not applicable * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.001.