Table 1.
Dependence of BNQDs structural and optical properties on the growth process. (a) boron source; (b) nitrogen source; (c) carbon source.
| Precursors | Growth Conditions | Structure/Quantum Yield | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) NaBH4 (b) CO(NH2)2 (c) CH5N3, HCl |
Ball milling in a eutectic mixture of LiCl/KCl and then treated at 700 °C for 2 h | C, N-doped h-BNQDs (BCNO) nanoparticles with tunable luminescence from blue to green. a/b/c = 1/10/0, 1/0/1, 1/0/15, 1/0/10, 1/0/15 QY of 23%, 16%, 26%, 11%, and 5.6% |
[103] |
| (a) B(OH)3 (b) CO(NH2)2 (c) PEG |
Calcination at 750 °C for 1 h and ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 3 h | BCNO QDs with a mean size of 10.1 nm. Broad luminescence with two components at 400 nm and 500 nm. QY = 19.9% |
[104] |
| (a) H3BO3 (b) CO(NH2)2 (c) PEG MW = 20000) |
Calcination of the raw materials mixture at 800 °C for 30 min | BCNO with tunable luminescence from blue to red with atomic ratio B/N = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5; B/C = 0.5. QY = 9.3%, 20%, 17%, 5.2% | [106] |
| (a) H3BO3 (b) CO(NH2)2 (c) C6H8O7 |
Microwave treatment at 800 W for 40 s after solvent evaporation | BCNO dots with tunable luminescence from blue to red. Molar ratio a/b/c = 1/1/2, 1/1/1, 1/2/1, 1/2/2, 1/1/0.5, 1/0.5/1, 1/0/1. QY = 50.9%, 40.0%, 7.5%, 19.9%, 23.2%, 41.2%, 3.5% |
[107] |
| (a) B(OH)3 (b) CO(NH2)2 (c) C6H12O6 |
Microwave treatment at 800 W for 10 min | BCNO particles of 2 nm in size Blue emission peaked at 450 nm with QY = 27.1% |
[108] |
| B(OH)3 | Annealing at 800 °C for 5 h and hydrothermal treatment with NH3 (pH = 10) at 100 °C for 6 h and sonication for 2 h | BCNO nanoparticles with average size of 4.0 nm. PL emission at 410 nm with QY = 5% |
[109] |
| (a) B(OH)3 (b) CO(NH2)2 (c) PEG (MW = 20000) |
Calcination at 700−900 °C for 30−60 min | BCNO (t-BN) nanoparticles of 5 nm in size. Tunable luminescence in correspondence of different c/a ratios. External QY = 79% (λem = 469 nm); 76% (λem = 520 nm); 53% (λem = 542 nm); 10% (λem = 571 nm) |
[110] |
| BN powder | Sonication of BN powder in DMF for 8 h and solvothermal treatment at 200 °C for 8 h | BCN nanoparticles lower than 4 nm PL emission peaked at 396 nm, tunable down to 450 nm. QY = 19.5% (λex = 330 nm) |
[94] |
| BN powder | Sonication of BN powder in DMSO or DMF for 8 h | BNO nanoparticles of 2.5 nm. Blue PL emission peaked at 442 nm. QY = 8.6% (λex = 360 nm) |
[51] |
| BN powder | Sonication of BN powder in EtOH, DMF, NMP for 3 h and solvothermal treatment at 180 °C for 10 h | BNCO dots. Blue-green emission EtOH: 4 nm; QY = 12.6% DMF: 2.8 nm; QY = 16.4% NMP: 2 nm QY = 21.3% |
[97] |