Variable	Si-Level Model		Gu-Level Model		Cell-Level Model
	OLS		OLS		OLS
	Coef.	t	Coef.	t	Coef.	t
Constant	5.062 ***	7.937	4.314 ***	6.521	4.839 ***	7.499
Weather and atmosphere condition
log_ PM10 concentration	−0.169 ***	−2.912	−0.247 ***	−4.339	−0.149 ***	−2.609
log_lowest temperature	0.076	0.713	0.419	3.217	0.102	0.803
log_precipitation	−0.059 ***	−3.151	−0.051 ***	−2.872	−0.058 ***	−3.188
Population
log_population density	−0.194 ***	−3.734	−0.178 ***	−3.423	−0.186 ***	−3.592
log_job density	0.076 ***	2.753	0.081	2.922	0.078	2.821
log_bus ridership	0.330 ***	17.500	0.329 ***	17.440	0.330 ***	17.436
log_subway ridership	0.047 ***	13.558	0.047 ***	13.566	0.047 ***	13.540
Land use
Residential	0.309 ***	3.214	0.304 ***	3.169	0.307 ***	3.192
Commercial	0.538 ***	5.070	0.542 ***	5.113	0.536 ***	5.046
Industrial	0.319 ***	2.636	0.318 ***	2.627	0.321 ***	2.646
Street type
With a sidewalk	0.685 ***	11.468	0.683 ***	11.452	0.683 ***	11.427
Without a sidewalk (shared with pedestrians and vehicles)	0.579 ***	7.449	0.579 ***	7.456	0.574 ***	7.377
Street condition
Sidewalk width	0.083 ***	9.929	0.082 ***	9.935	0.083 ***	9.913
# of traffic lanes	0.017 *	1.941	0.018 **	2.038	0.017 *	1.938
Presence of centerline	−0.223 ***	−3.660	−0.228 ***	−3.749	−0.223 ***	−3.656
Presence of street furniture	−0.026	−0.417	−0.026	−0.419	−0.025	−0.395
Presence of obstacle	0.487 ***	6.975	0.482 ***	6.906	0.487 ***	6.976
Presence of braille block	0.004	0.107	0.004	0.111	0.003	0.099
Presence of street slope	−0.239 ***	−5.740	−0.240 ***	−5.783	−0.240 ***	−5.779
Presence of fence	0.132 ***	3.162	0.132 ***	3.155	0.133 ***	3.168
Presence of crosswalk	0.176 ***	4.371	0.179 ***	4.437	0.178 ***	4.409
Day of the week
Friday	0.007	0.163	0.019	0.449	0.004	0.098
Saturday	0.076	1.586	0.030	0.646	0.084	1.786
Summary
N	2,990
Adjusted R-square	0.417		0.418		0.416
Log likelihood	−3946.19		−3943.49		−3948.17
Akaike info criterion	7940.39		7934.98		7944.34
Schwarz criterion	8084.46		8079.05		8088.41
Statistics
Moran’s I	35.616 ***		35.362 ***		35.737 ***
Note: The reference group of Land use, Street type and Day of the week are “Green,” “With sidewalk, but shared with bicycles” and “Tuesday,” respectively. * Significant at p < 0.1; ** Significant at p < 0.05; *** Significant at p < 0.01.