Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics, history of diseases, behaviors, and physical parameters.
| Variables | Total (N = 2203) | Non-HTN (N = 1668) | HTN (N = 535) | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups | <0.001 | |||
| 18–44 | 957 (43.4) | 867 (52.0) | 90 (16.8) | |
| 45–59 | 820 (37.3) | 572 (34.3) | 248 (46.4) | |
| 60–69 | 426 (19.3) | 229 (13.7) | 197 (36.8) | |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||
| Women | 1285 (58.3) | 1017 (61.0) | 268 (50.1) | |
| Men | 918 (41.7) | 651 (39.0) | 267 (49.9) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Never married | 313 (14.2) | 283 (17.0) | 30 (5.6) | |
| Ever married | 1890 (85.8) | 1385 (83.0) | 505 (94.4) | |
| Education | <0.001 | |||
| Elementary school or below | 368 (16.7) | 263 (15.8) | 105 (19.6) | |
| Secondary school | 675 (30.6) | 483 (29.0) | 192 (35.9) | |
| High school and above | 1160 (52.7) | 922 (55.2) | 238 (44.5) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||
| Retirement | 421 (19.1) | 240 (14.4) | 181 (33.8) | |
| Officers/Workers/Traders | 910 (41.3) | 776 (46.5) | 134 (25.0) | |
| Others | 872 (39.6) | 652 (39.1) | 220 (41.1) | |
| Monthly income | <0.001 | |||
| Below poverty line | 488 (22.2) | 337 (20.2) | 151 (28.2) | |
| Above poverty line | 1715 (77.8) | 1331 (79.8) | 384 (71.8) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2064 (93.7) | 1611 (96.6) | 453 (84.7) | |
| Yes | 139 (6.3) | 57 (3.4) | 82 (15.3) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1920 (87.2) | 1529 (91.7) | 391 (73.1) | |
| Yes | 283 (12.8) | 139 (8.3) | 144 (26.9) | |
| Health behaviors | ||||
| Smoking tobacco | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1805 (81.9) | 1404 (84.2) | 401 (75.0) | |
| Yes | 398 (18.1) | 264 (15.8) | 134 (25.0) | |
| Drinking alcohol | 0.003 | |||
| No | 1694 (76.9) | 1308 (78.4) | 386 (72.1) | |
| Yes | 509 (23.1) | 360 (21.6) | 149 (27.9) | |
| Consuming added salts | 0.046 | |||
| No | 1095 (49.7) | 858 (51.4) | 237 (44.3) | |
| Yes | 1108 (50.3) | 810 (48.6) | 298 (55.7) | |
| Daily intake of fruits and vegetables † | 0.831 | |||
| <5 servings/day | 1937 (87.9) | 1468 (88.0) | 469 (87.7) | |
| ≥5 servings/day | 266 (12.1) | 200 (12.0) | 66 (12.3) | |
| Exercise | 0.246 | |||
| No | 883 (40.1) | 680 (40.8) | 203 (37.9) | |
| Yes | 1320 (59.9) | 988 (59.2) | 332 (62.1) | |
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| Height, cm, mean ± SD | 159.5 ± 7.2 | 159.4 ± 7.1 | 159.9 ± 7.4 | 0.229 |
| Weight, kg, mean ± SD | 58.5 ± 14.2 | 57.3 ± 9.0 | 62.2 ± 23.7 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 22.9 ± 5.1 | 22.5 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| BMI groups | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (<25.0 kg/m2) | 1758 (79.5) | 1390 (83.3) | 368 (68.8) | |
| Overweight/obesity (≥25.0 kg/m2) | 445 (20.2) | 278 (16.7) | 167 (31.2) | |
| WC, cm, mean ± SD | 78.5 ± 10.9 | 76.6 ± 10.2 | 84.4 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| HC, cm, mean ± SD | 90.3 ± 8.7 | 89.4 ± 8.7 | 93.0 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| WHR, %, mean ± SD | 87.0 ± 9.3 | 85.8 ± 9.3 | 90.7 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal Obesity ‡ | <0.001 | |||
| Normal | 1114 (50.6) | 917 (55.0) | 197 (36.8) | |
| Abdominal obesity | 1089 (49.4) | 751 (45.0) | 338 (63.2) | |
| SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 123.3 ± 15.8 | 117.6 ± 10.3 | 140.9 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 77.2 ± 10.1 | 74.2 ± 7.5 | 86.7 ± 11.0 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist–hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. * Data were presented as frequency and percentage, mean ± SD, and p-values were calculated using Chi-square test, and independent sample t-test, appropriately. † 1 serving is equal to 1 medium size piece of apple, banana, orange, or to ½ cup of chopped or cooked fruit, or to 1 cup of raw green leafy vegetables, or to ½ cup of other vegetables, cooked or chopped raw. ‡ Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist–hip ratio ≥0.90 for men, ≥0.85 for women.