Table 4.
Results of instrumental probit regression of effect of obesity on hypertension.
| Full Sample | Sub-Sample | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High BP and Medically Confirmed Hypertension | Medically Confirmed Hypertension Only | High BP and Medically Confirmed Hypertension | High BP and Medically Confirmed Hypertension | |||||
| Coefficient. | z-stat | Coefficient | Z-stat | Coefficient. | z-stat | Coefficient | Z-stat | |
| BMI | - | - | - | - | 0.1754 *** | 3.54 | - | - |
| Arm circumference | 0.2134 *** | 8.27 | 0.2388 *** | 11.30 | - | - | 0.0013 *** | 3.01 |
| Age of the women | 0.0127 | 1.35 | 0.0007 | 0.07 | 0.0223 | 1.56 | 0.0320 *** | 2.93 |
| Rural area | 0.0355 | 0.56 | 0.0640 | 0.86 | −0.0259 | −0.26 | −0.0132 | −0.13 |
| Regions | ||||||||
| Central | −0.2024 *** | −2.86 | −0.3524 *** | −4.10 | −0.1779 | −1.60 | −0.0154 | −0.14 |
| Greater Accra | −0.1789 | −1.78 | −0.2539 ** | −2.38 | −0.0390 | −0.25 | 0.1068 | 0.84 |
| Volta | −0.0705 | −0.86 | −0.0643 | −0.67 | 0.0010 | 0.01 | 0.2600 ** | 2.29 |
| Eastern | −0.1045 | −1.43 | −0.0978 | −1.18 | −0.0785 | −0.71 | 0.1000 | 0.89 |
| Ashanti | 0.0017 | 0.02 | −0.0615 | −0.78 | −0.1187 | −1.09 | −0.0150 | −0.14 |
| Brong Ahafo | 0.0052 | 0.08 | −0.0462 | −0.58 | −0.0018 | −0.02 | 0.1502 | 1.25 |
| Northern | 0.1452 | 1.92 | 0.2368 *** | 3.02 | 0.0378 | 0.31 | 0.2140 | 1.29 |
| Upper East | −0.0497 | −0.67 | 0.0219 | 0.27 | −0.1132 | −1.01 | 0.1432 | 0.95 |
| Upper West | −0.1688 ** | −2.09 | −0.2142 ** | −2.07 | −0.1306 | −1.10 | 0.1143 | 0.75 |
| Relationship with the head | ||||||||
| Wife to the Head | 0.0013 | 0.02 | 0.0005 | 0.00 | 0.0228 | 0.19 | 0.0583 | 0.44 |
| Daughter to the Head | 0.1136 | 1.59 | 0.1331 | 1.59 | 0.0926 | 0.86 | 0.0504 | 0.45 |
| Head is Female | 0.1102 | 1.55 | 0.0713 | 0.78 | 0.1028 | 0.94 | 0.1240 | 1.07 |
| Currently Pregnant | −0.1756 ** | −1.99 | 0.0255 | 0.33 | −0.3018 ** | −2.29 | −0.5189 *** | −4.41 |
| Does not smoke | 0.0083 | 0.08 | −0.0600 | −0.58 | 0.3667 | 0.91 | 0.2331 | 0.56 |
| Has health insurance | 0.0361 | 0.94 | 0.1341 ** | 2.05 | 0.0584 | 1.07 | 0.0139 | 0.22 |
| Number of Unions | 0.0236 | 0.68 | 0.0480 | 1.05 | 0.0620 | 1.32 | 0.0618 | 1.28 |
| Currently Working | −0.1562 *** | −3.96 | −0.1614 *** | −3.45 | −0.1417 ** | −2.26 | −0.1331 ** | −1.99 |
| Cook with broth cubes | −0.0505 ** | −2.13 | −0.0243 | −0.96 | −0.0853 ** | −2.31 | −0.0991 ** | −2.54 |
| Cook with Processed can meats | −0.0818 ** | −2.20 | −0.1063 *** | −2.84 | −0.0590 | −1.04 | −0.0097 | −0.17 |
| Cook with Salted dried meat | 0.0567 ** | 2.03 | 0.0884 *** | 2.77 | 0.0609 | 1.49 | 0.0735 | 1.75 |
| Number of days ate fruits | −0.0144 ** | −2.09 | −0.0257 *** | −3.55 | −0.0152 | −1.44 | −0.0179 | −1.55 |
| Number of days ate vegetables | 0.0039 | 0.55 | 0.0135 | 1.79 | −0.0028 | −0.26 | −0.0056 | −0.52 |
| No. of trips in the past 12 months | −0.0044 | −1.68 | −0.0076 *** | −2.83 | −0.0050 | −1.26 | −0.0039 | −0.96 |
| Constant | −7.5261 *** | −20.18 | −8.1314 *** | −40.74 | −7.1926 *** | −7.85 | −5.5169 *** | −7.50 |
| Athrho | −0.8511 *** | −3.61 | −1.1000 *** | −3.43 | −0.5942 ** | −2.01 | −0.4155 | −1.76 |
| Lnsigma | 1.3584 *** | 185.93 | 1.3585 *** | 185.92 | 1.3420 *** | 130.70 | 6.0789 *** | 592.06 |
| Rho | −0.6916 | −0.8005 | −0.5329 | −0.3931 | ||||
| Sigma | 3.8900 | 3.8903 | 3.8267 | 436.5483 | ||||
| Number of observations | 9367 | 9367 | 4743 | 4743 | ||||
| Wald chi2(26) | 2905.26 *** | 3120.61 *** | 915.11 *** | 706.08 *** | ||||
| Wald test of exogeneity chi2(1) | 13.05 *** | 11.79 *** | 4.03 ** | 3.09 * | ||||
Note: *** Statistically significant at 1% level; ** Statistically significant at 5% level; * Statistically significant at 10% level.