Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study Publication | Study Design | Study Population | Measurement of Self-Rated Health | Measurement of Green Space | Measurement of Blue Space | Operationalisation of Sex/Gender | Source of Sex/Gender Data | Terminology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Björk et al. [27] | Cross-sectional, Public Health Survey in southern Sweden, 2004 | N = 24,819, female = 54.3%, suburban/rural, Sweden | 7-point-likert scale (very poor to very good) | Objective: Land and vegetation cover (CORINE), 100 m–300 m buffer | no | binary | source not clearly defined, but registry information was initially used to contact equal numbers of women and men via a mailed questionnaire |
gender |
| Dadvand et al. [28] | Cross-sectional, Health Survey of Barcelona, 2011 | N = 3461, female = 52.1% urban, Spain | 5-point-likert scale (excellent to bad) | Objective: NDVI, 100 m–500 m buffer; land cover map, 300 m, Subjective: Park within 10 min walk (self-report) |
no | binary | source not clearly defined, but registry information was initially used to select subjects for a face-to-face interview in a way to represent age and sex structure of districts |
sex |
| Orban et al. [29] | Cross-sectional, Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study, 2000–2003 | N = 4480, female = 49.7%, urban, Germany | 5-point-likert scale (very good to very poor) | Objective: NDVI, 100 m–1000 m buffer | no | binary | source not clearly defined, only general statement that data was obtained through personal interviews and questionnaires |
gender and sex interchangeably |
| Reklaitiene et al. [30] | Cross-sectional, PHENOTYPE, 2006-2008 | N = 6944, female = 54.6%, urban, Lithuania | 5-point-likert scale (very good to very poor) | Objective: Land cover map, <300 m, 300 m–999 m, ≥1 km Subjective: Park use (self-report) | no | binary | source not clearly defined, but registry information was initially used to draw a random sample stratified by gender and age, data was obtained through self-reported questionnaires |
gender |
| Ruijsbroek et al. [31] | Cross-sectional, PHENOTYPE, 2013 | N = 3771, female = 55.5%, urban, Spain, Lithuania, Netherlands, United Kingdom | 5-point-likert scale (excellent to poor) | Objective: Land cover map (Urban Atlas) Subjective: Perceived amount and quality of green space (self-report) | yes | binary | source not clearly defined, only general statement that data was obtained through face-to-face interviews or a postal questionnaire | gender and sex interchangeably |
| Stronegger et al. [32] | Cross-sectional, 2005 | N = 997, female = 50.8%, urban, Austria | 5-point-likert scale (very good to very bad) | Subjective: Perceived amount of green space as part of environmental quality | no | binary | question about gender was asked in a computer-assisted telephone interview | gender |
| Triguero-Mas et al. [33] | Cross-sectional, Catalonia Health Survey ESCA, 2010-2012 | N = 8793, female = 50.1%, urban, Spain | 5-point-likert scale (excellent to bad) | Objective: NDVI, 300 m buffer; land cover map, 300 m | yes | binary | source not clearly defined, only general statement that data was obtained through interviews |
gender |
Abbreviations: CORINE = Coordination of Information on the Environment; ESCA = Enquesta de Salut de Catalunya; NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; PHENOTYPE = Positive Health Effects of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Typical Populations in Different Regions in Europe.