Table 2.
Generalized estimating Equation (GEE) estimates of relative income price and cigarettes consumed per day.
| Characteristic | RIP | Cigarettes Consumed Per Day |
|---|---|---|
| Age ≥ 60 (vs. Age 45–59) | 1.603 *** | −2.407 *** |
| (0.301) | (0.391) | |
| Female (vs. male) | 0.820 | −5.873 *** |
| (0.504) | (0.527) | |
| Primary and below (vs. college and above) |
4.320 *** | 1.020 |
| (0.776) | (1.186) | |
| Middle and high school (vs. college and above) |
1.827 ** | 1.156 |
| (0.727) | (1.146) | |
| Married (vs. unmarried) | −1.098 * | 0.318 |
| (0.637) | (0.538) | |
| Northeast region (vs. Eastern region) |
0.776 * | −2.533 *** |
| (0.440) | (0.743) | |
| Central region (vs. Eastern region) |
2.198 *** | −0.801 |
| (0.353) | (0.558) | |
| Western region (vs. Eastern region) |
3.029 *** | −3.103 *** |
| (0.408) | (0.546) | |
| Urban (vs. rural) | −3.484 *** | −0.262 |
| (0.317) | (0.418) | |
| Tier I (vs. tier III) | 4.633 *** | −2.905 *** |
| (0.875) | (0.957) | |
| Tier II (vs. tier III) | 1.047 | −3.665 ** |
| (0.966) | (1.560) | |
| Tier IV (vs. tier III) | −1.893 *** | 1.110 ** |
| (0.360) | (0.468) | |
| Tier V (vs. tier III) | −4.890 *** | 2.546 *** |
| (0.487) | (0.664) | |
| Wave 3 (vs. wave 1) | 0.610** | 0.520 |
| (0.278) | (0.381) | |
| Constant | 6.794 *** | 18.080 *** |
| (1.013) | (1.393) | |
| Number of observations | N = 6652 | |
| Number of groups | N = 5077 | |
Note: (1) The statistics reported are the coefficients of independent variables with robust standard errors in parenthesis. (2) ***, ** and * indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5% and 10% level, respectively.