Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of variables associated with stroke recurrence in female patients with diabetes.
| Univariate analysis | Logistic regression∗ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without recurrence N = 2171 N (%) |
With recurrence N = 109 N (%) |
p value | OR [95% CI] | p value | |
|
| |||||
| Constant | — | — | — | 0.217 | 0.763 |
|
| |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| <65 | 1165 (53.6) | 72 (66.1) | |||
| ≥65 | 1006 (46.4) | 37 (33.9) | 0.013 | — | — |
| Duration of diabetes | |||||
| <1 year | 147 (6.8) | 8 (7.3) | 0.005 | Reference | |
| 1-5 years | 810 (37.3) | 51 (46.8) | 1.537 [0.229-10.318] | 0.658 | |
| 6-10 years | 347 (16.0) | 18 (16.5) | 1.161 [0.153-8.823] | 0.885 | |
| >10 years | 354 (16.3) | 23 (21.1) | 1.334 [0.165-10.780] | 0.787 | |
| Unknown | 513 (23.6) | 9 (8.3) | 0.291 [0.018-4.793] | 0.388 | |
| Education | |||||
| Formal | 1204 (55.4) | 88 (80.7) | 0.000 | — | — |
| Informal | 967 (44.6) | 21 (19.3) | |||
| Mode of arrival at emergency at the first-time stroke attack∗ | — | — | |||
| Ambulance | 1036 (47.7) | 71 (65.1) | 0.001 | ||
| Own transport | 1026 (47.2) | 37 (34.0) | |||
| Unknown | 109 (5.1) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| Duration of hypertension | Reference (0 years) | ||||
| <1 year | 105 (4.8) | 5 (4.5) | 0.006 | 1.488 [0.147-15.040] | 0.736 |
| 1-5 years | 720 (33.1) | 45 (41.5) | 2.078 [0.184-23.417] | 0.554 | |
| 6-10 years | 326 (15.0) | 18 (16.5) | 1.875 [0.171-20.539] | 0.607 | |
| >10 years | 372 (17.1) | 27 (24.7) | 2.137 [0.105-43.543] | 0.622 | |
| Unknown | 437 (19.3) | 8 (7.3) | 1.374 [0.117-16.184] | 0.801 | |
| No hypertension | 211 (9.7) | 6 (5.5) | |||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Current smoker | 28 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.401 | — | — |
| Former smoker | 27 (1.2) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| Never | 2089 (96.3) | 108 (99.1) | |||
| Unknown | 27 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | 707 (93.9) | 46 (6.1) | 0.025 | — | — |
| Ischemic heart disease | 212 (90.2) | 23 (9.8) | 0.001 | 5.859 [2.496-13.752] | 0.000 |
| ACEIs received at baseline∗∗ | 2088 (95.4) | 101 (4.6) | 0.066 | — | — |
| ARBs received at baseline∗∗ | 2105 (95.4) | 101 (4.6) | 0.023 | — | — |
| ADM received at baseline∗∗ | 909 (93.1) | 67 (6.9) | 0.000 | 1.409 [0.467-4.251] | 0.542 |
| Received OHA upon discharge∗∗∗ | 726 (93.3) | 52 (6.7) | 0.002 | 0.909 [0.327-2.525] | 0.855 |
| Received diuretics upon discharge∗∗∗ | 143 (89.9) | 16 (10.1) | 0.003 | 3.476 [1.146-10.538] | 0.028 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale: motor response | 58 (2.7) | 1 (0.9) | — | — | |
| No response | 0.006 | ||||
| Extension response in response to pain | 15 (0.7) | 4 (3.7) | |||
| Flexion in response to pain | 31 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Withdraws in response to pain | 46 (2.1) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| Purposeful movement to painful stimulus | 244 (11.4) | 8 (7.4) | |||
| Obeys commands for movement | 1747 (81.6) | 94 (87.0) | |||
| Apparent clinical manifestations at baseline∗∗ | |||||
| Altered sensorium | 220 (97.8) | 5 (2.2) | 0.028 | — | — |
| Monoparesis | 32 (84.2) | 6 (15.8) | 0.010 | — | — |
| Seizure | 40 (87.0) | 6 (13.0) | 0.016 | 4.641 [1.126-19.126] | 0.034 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 2171 | 109 | 0.000 | 1.017 [1.006-1.028] | 0.002 |
| (Mean ± SD) | (167.96 ± 34.07) | (180.65 ± 34.35) | |||
| Total cholesterol l (mmol/L) | 2171 | 109 | 0.008 | 1.103 [0.942-1.291] | 0.222 |
| (Mean ± SD) | (6.03 ± 1.82) | (6.52 ± 2.45) | |||
| NIH stroke scale at baseline∗∗: consciousness | 1265 (81.5) | 74 (92.5) | — | — | |
| Alert | 0.067 | ||||
| Sleepiness | 174 (11.2) | 5 (6.3) | |||
| Stupor | 72 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Coma | 42 (2.7) | 1 (1.3) | |||
| NIH stroke scale at baseline∗∗: visual field | |||||
| No visual loss | 1207 (79.5) | 61 (77.2) | 0.033 | ||
| Partial hemianopia | 175 (11.5) | 16 (20.3) | — | — | |
| Complete hemianopia | 94 (6.2) | 2 (2.5) | |||
| Bilateral hemianopia | 43 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
∗Significant variables remained in the final logistic regression model,∗∗ received prior to the first-time stroke attacks∗∗∗ discharged from admission during the first-time stroke event; ∗∗∗∗mean ± standard deviation. Abbreviations: ACEIs = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs = angiotensin receptor blockers; ADM = antidiabetic medications; NIH=National Institute of Health; OHA = oral hypoglycemic agent; SD = standard deviation.