Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of variables associated with stroke recurrence in male patients with diabetes.
| Univariate analysis | Logistic regression∗ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without recurrence N = 2234 N (%) |
With recurrence N = 108 N (%) |
p value | OR [95% CI] | p value | |
|
| |||||
| Constant | — | — | — | 0.108 | 0.001 |
|
| |||||
| AGE (years) | |||||
| <65 | 1345 (60.3) | 75 (69.4) | 0.069 | — | — |
| ≥65 | 886 (29.7) | 33 (30.6) | |||
| Duration of diabetes | |||||
| <1 year | 167 (7.5) | 5 (4.6) | 0.009 | Reference | |
| 1-5 years | 831 (37.2) | 54 (50.0) | 2.917 [1.007-8.454] | 0.049 | |
| 6-10 years | 309 (13.8) | 14 (13.0) | 2.540 [0.782-8.244] | 0.121 | |
| >10 years | 294 (13.2) | 25 (23.1) | 3.652 [1.163-11.466] | 0.027 | |
| Unknown | 633 (28.3) | 10 (9.3) | 1.277 [0.343-4.752] | 0.715 | |
| Education | |||||
| Formal | 1461 (65.4) | 86 (79.6) | 0.001 | — | — |
| Informal | 773 (34.6) | 22 (20.4) | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 479 (21.4) | 54 (50.0) | Reference | ||
| Chinese | 70 (3.1) | 4 (3.7) | 0.000 | 0.714 [0.231-2.208] | 0.559 |
| Indian | 33 (1.5) | 3 (2.8) | 0.827 [0.212-3.228] | 0.784 | |
| Others# | 1652 (73.9) | 47 (43.5) | 0.330 [0.207-0.528] | 0.0001 | |
| Mode of arrival at emergency upon the first-time stroke attack∗ | |||||
| Ambulance | 992 (44.4) | 43 (39.8) | 0.026 | — | — |
| Own transport | 1104 (49.4) | 64 (59.3) | |||
| Unknown | 138 (6.2) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| Duration of hypertension | Reference (0 years) | ||||
| <1 year | 116 (5.2) | 7 (6.5) | 0.005 | 1.488 [0.147-15.040] | 0.736 |
| 1-5 years | 721 (32.3) | 40 (37.0) | 2.078 [0.184-23.417] | 0.554 | |
| 6-10 years | 279 (12.5) | 11 (10.2) | 1.875 [0.171-20.539] | 0.607 | |
| >10 years | 268 (12.0) | 20 (18.5) | 2.137 [0.105-43.543] | 0.622 | |
| Unknown | 522 (23.4) | 9 (8.3) | 1.374 [0.117-16.184] | 0.801 | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Current smoker | 518 (23.2) | 40 (37.0) | 0.002 | — | 0.85 |
| Former smoker | 432 (19.3) | 19 (17.6) | 1.452 [0.907-2.325] | 0.120 | |
| Never | 1171 (52.4) | 49 (45.4) | 0.678 [0.379-1.213] | 0.190 | |
| Unknown | 113 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | — | 0.99 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 602 (94.5) | 35 (5.5) | 0.224 | — | — |
| Ischemic heart disease | 368 (93.2) | 27 (6.8) | 0.025 | 1.738 [1.071-2.818] | 0.025 |
| ACEIs received at baseline∗∗ | 2143 (95.9) | 91 (4.1) | 0.000 | 0.374 [0.131-1.067] | 0.066 |
| ARBs received at baseline∗∗ | 2152 (95.9) | 93 (4.1) | 0.000 | 1.226 [0.409-3.673] | 0.715 |
| ADM received at baseline∗∗ | 913 (93.9) | 59 (6.1) | 0.005 | 1.409 [0.467-4.251] | 0.542 |
| Received OHA upon discharged∗∗∗ | 748 (94.2) | 46 (5.8) | 0.034 | 0.909 [0.327-2.525] | 0.855 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale: motor response | |||||
| No response | 61 (2.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0.037 | — | — |
| Extension response in response to pain | 20 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Flexion in response to pain | 42 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Withdraws in response to pain | 37 (1.7) | 1 (0.9) | |||
| Purposeful movement to painful stimulus | 218 (9.9) | 10 (9.3) | |||
| Obeys commands for movement | 1820 (82.8) | 95 (88.9) | |||
| Apparent clinical manifestations at baseline∗∗ | |||||
| Altered sensorium | 242 (99.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0.001 | 0.172 [0.41-0.724] | 0.016 |
| Monoparesis | 25 (86.2) | 2 (13.8) | 0.046 | 4.076 [1.230-13.506] | 0.022 |
| NIH stroke scale at baseline∗∗: consciousness | — | — | |||
| Alert | 1335 (82.8) | 69 (93.2) | 0.007 | ||
| Sleepiness | 161 (10.0) | 5 (6.8) | |||
| Stupor | 79 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Coma | 38 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| NIH stroke scale at baseline∗∗: visual field | |||||
| No visual loss | 1265 (80.8) | 62 (83.8) | 0.090 | ||
| Partial hemianopia | 195 (12.5) | 5 (6.8) | — | — | |
| Complete hemianopia | 77 (4.9) | 3 (4.1) | |||
| Bilateral hemianopia | 29 (1.9) | 4 (5.4) | |||
∗Significant variables remained in the final logistic regression model (highlighted in grey), ∗∗ received prior to the first-time stroke attacks ∗∗∗ discharged from admission during the first-time stroke event; #ethnicity group originated from East Malaysia (Iban, Bidayuh, Kadazan, etc.). Abbreviations: ACEIs = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs = angiotensin receptor blockers; ADM = antidiabetic medications; NIH=National Institute of health; OHA = oral hypoglycemic agent.