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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 23.
Published in final edited form as: Mucosal Immunol. 2019 Feb 14;12(3):612–623. doi: 10.1038/s41385-019-0146-4

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

a Schematic working model. Intestinal injury induces the expression of IL-23 in Cx3cr1+ mononuclear phagocytes in an mTOR/ autophagy-dependent manner. IL-23 stimulates the expression of IL-22. This induction is not necessarily dependent on T and B cells. IL-22 possesses a pro-fibrotic effect by promoting the proliferation and transformation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. IL-22 and TGFβ exert a pro-fibrotic effect synergistically. Mechanistically, IL-22 up-regulates the expression of TGFβ RII, thus priming fibroblasts to become fibrotic