Table 1.
Sample types and analyses conducted by flight time during the NASA twin study.
| Flight time | Sample type | Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Biochemistry |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Biochemistry |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Biochemistry |
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Cytokine profiling |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Cytokine profiling |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Cytokine profiling |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Oxidative status |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Oxidative status |
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Oxidative stress and inflammation |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Oxidative stress and inflammation |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Oxidative stress and inflammation |
| Pre-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Post-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Pre-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR TRAP |
| In-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR TRAP |
| Post-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR TRAP |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD19) | RNA-seq |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD4) | RNA-seq |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD8) | RNA-seq |
| Pre-flight | Blood (LD) | RNA-seq |
| Pre-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (CD19) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (CD4) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (CD8) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (LD) | RNA-seq |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD19) | RNA-seq |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD4) | RNA-seq |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD8) | RNA-seq |
| Post-flight | Blood (LD) | RNA-seq |
| Post-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | RNA-seq |
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Targeted metabolomics |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Targeted metabolomics |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Targeted metabolomics |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD4) | TCR |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD8) | TCR |
| Pre-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | TCR |
| In-flight | Blood (CD4) | TCR |
| In-flight | Blood (CD8) | TCR |
| In-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | TCR |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD4) | TCR |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD8) | TCR |
| Post-flight | Blood (PBMCs) | TCR |
| Pre-flight | Blood (T-cells) | Telo-FISH/dGH |
| In-flight | Blood (T-cells) | Telo-FISH/dGH |
| Post-flight | Blood (T-cells) | Telo-FISH/dGH |
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Untargeted metabolomics |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Untargeted metabolomics |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Untargeted metabolomics |
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Untargeted proteomics |
| In-flight | Blood (plasma) | Untargeted proteomics |
| Post-flight | Blood (plasma) | Untargeted proteomics |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD4) | WGBS |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD8) | WGBS |
| In-flight | Blood (CD4) | WGBS |
| In-flight | Blood (CD8) | WGBS |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD4) | WGBS |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD8) | WGBS |
| Pre-flight | Body | Body mass |
| In-Flight | Body | Body Mass |
| Post-Flight | Body | Body Mass |
| Pre-Flight | Body | Cardiac and Vascular |
| Ultrasound | ||
| In-flight | Body | Cardiac and vascular ultrasound |
| Post-flight | Body | Cardiac and vascular ultrasound |
| Pre-flight | Body | Vascular structure and function |
| In-flight | Body | Vascular structure and function |
| Post-flight | Body | Vascular structure and function |
| Pre-flight | Cognition | Cognition |
| In-flight | Cognition | Cognition |
| Post-flight | Cognition | Cognition |
| Pre-flight | Fecal | Metagenome |
| In-flight | Fecal | Metagenome |
| Post-flight | Fecal | Metagenome |
| Pre-flight | Ocular | Ocular imaging |
| In-flight | Ocular | Ocular imaging |
| Post-flight | Ocular | Ocular imaging |
| Pre-flight | Urine | Biochemistry |
| In-flight | Urine | Biochemistry |
| Post-flight | Urine | Biochemistry |
| Pre-flight | Urine | Oxidative stress and inflammation |
| In-flight | Urine | Oxidative stress and inflammation |
| Post-flight | Urine | Oxidative stress and inflammation |
| Pre-flight | Urine | Targeted metabolomics |
| In-flight | Urine | Targeted metabolomics |
| Post-flight | Urine | Targeted metabolomics |
| Pre-flight | Urine | Targeted proteomics |
| In-flight | Urine | Targeted proteomics |
| Post-flight | Urine | Targeted proteomics |
| Pre-flight | Urine | Untargeted proteomics |
| In-flight | Urine | Untargeted proteomics |
| Post-flight | Urine | Untargeted proteomics |
| Pre-flight | Blood (plasma) | Oxidative status |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD4) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD8) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Pre-flight | Blood (LD) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Pre-flight | Blood (CD19) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD19) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD4) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Post-flight | Blood (CD8) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| Post-flight | Blood (LD) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD19) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD4) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (LD) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD8) | qRT-PCR (T:A) |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (PBMCs) | qRT-PCR TRAP |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD4) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD8) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (LD) | RNA-seq |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (T-cells) | Telo-FISH/dGH |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD4) | WGBS |
| In-flight | Blood (ambient return) (CD8) | WGBS |
Flight time references when samples were collected compared to time on ISS. Sample type abbreviations: lymphocyte depleted (LD) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Analysis abbreviations: RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), T-cell receptor sequencing (TCR), telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization (Telo-FISH), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS).