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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Neurobiol. 2019 Aug 24;183:101682. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101682

Table 2.

Adenosine receptors in seizure disorders.

Receptor G protein Recent studies and therapeutic outcomes References
A1 Gi/o Deletion of A1 receptor exacerbated the neuronal loss, convulsions and subsequent mortality in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice after unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainate (1 nmol). Fedele et al., 2006
The proconvulsive effect of A1 receptor ablation was aggravated by experimental traumatic brain injury in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice. Kochanek et al., 2006
Adenosine A1 receptor deficiency mice (adult male C57BL/6) developed spontaneous seizures with homozygous knockout mice showing higher frequency and longer duration of electrographic seizures than their heterozygous cohorts. Li et al., 2007
A2A Gs Focal bilateral microinjection of A2A receptor agonist CGS-21680 (up to 3 μg/side) increased, whereas A2A antagonist sCh-58261 (up to 20 μg/side) decreased, the number and duration of the unprovoked spike-wave discharges in young and adult male WAG/Rij rats in a dose-dependent manner. D’Alimonte et al., 2009
Ablation of A2A receptor decreased intensity and frequency of seizures induced by PTZ or pilocarpine in adult CD1 mice. El Yacoubi et al., 2009
A2A selective agonist CPCA (2 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the mortality and lowered the seizure threshold in a hyperthermia-induced seizure model in young male Lewis rats. Fukuda et al., 2011
A2B Gs Delivery of nonselective adenosine receptor agonist NECA (0.1 mM) into the striatum of adult BALB/c mice via reverse microdialysis increased IL-6, and this cytokine elevation was blocked by A2B receptor antagonist MRS-1706 (0.01 mM). Vazquez et al., 2008
A3 Gi/o Treatment with selective A3 adenosine receptor agonist IB-MEC (100 μg/kg, i.p.) prior to NMDA or PTZ-induced seizures in adult male C57BL/6 mice decreased the percentage of animals with convulsions, delayed seizure onset, reduced neurological impairment, and increased animal survival. Von Lubitz et al., 1995

Abbreviations: IL-6, interleukin 6; NECA, 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; PTZ, pentylenetetrazol.