(A and B) Unadjusted cumulative 3-year event rates for patients with atrial fibrillation who were not on oral anticoagulation (OAC) medication. Event rates are presented by contraindication status to OAC. For mortality, we calculated the event rate as the Kaplan-Meier estimator. For all other outcomes, we calculated the event rate using the cumulative incidence function, which accounts for competing risk of death. The vertical dashed gray lines note 1 and 2 years from the index date (January 1, 2008). (C) Adjusted hazard ratios for the associations between OAC use and outcomes, among only AF patients with at least 1 OAC contraindication. GI = gastrointestinal; HR = hazard ratio; ICH = intracranial hemorrhage; OAC = oral anticoagulation; TIA = transient ischemic attack.