Table 3.
Dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes (mg/day per 1000 kcal) by source and the risk of bladder cancer among New England Bladder Cancer Study participants (1037 cases and 1225 controls)a
| Total dietary nitrate quintilesb | Cases/Controls | OR (95% CI)c | p-trendd |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤21.19 mg/d | 227/247 | 1.0 Ref. | |
| >21.19-28.28 mg/d | 230/245 | 1.2 (0.88-1.5) | |
| >28.28-36.10 mg/d | 225/243 | 1.2 (0.92-1.6) | |
| >36.10-47.21 mg/d | 183/246 | 1.0 (0.75-1.4) | |
| >47.21 mg/d | 172/244 | 0.95 (0.69-1.3) | |
| 0.38 | |||
| Total dietary nitrite quintilesb | |||
| ≤0.48 mg/d | 222/243 | 1.0 Ref. | |
| >0.48-0.56 mg/d | 212/245 | 1.0 (0.77-1.4) | |
| >0.56-0.63 mg/d | 202/244 | 1.0 (0.74-1.3) | |
| >0.63-0.72 mg/d | 217/248 | 1.1 (0.80-1.4) | |
| >0.72 mg/d | 184/245 | 0.97 (0.71-1.3) | |
| 0.92 | |||
| Dietary nitrite from plant sources quintilesb | |||
| ≤0.27 mg/d | 219/245 | 1.0 Ref. | |
| >0.27-0.33 mg/d | 224/242 | 1.1 (0.86-1.5) | |
| >0.33-0.39 mg/d | 223/245 | 1.2 (0.91-1.6) | |
| >0.39-0.47 mg/d | 200/246 | 1.1 (0.84-1.5) | |
| >0.47 mg/d | 171/247 | 0.93 (0.68-1.3) | |
| 0.55 | |||
| Dietary nitrite from animal sources quintilesb | |||
| ≤0.15 mg/d | 213/241 | 1.0 Ref. | |
| >0.15-0.19 mg/d | 184/243 | 0.84 (0.63-1.1) | |
| >0.19-0.24 mg/d | 189/250 | 0.88 (0.66-1.2) | |
| >0.24-0.30 mg/d | 224/247 | 1.1 (0.80-1.4) | |
| >0.30 mg/d | 227/244 | 1.1 (0.79-1.5) | |
| 0.20 | |||
| Dietary nitrate from processed meat quintilesb | |||
| ≤0.26 mg/d | 142/205 | 1.0 Ref. | |
| >0.26-0.43 mg/d | 147/208 | 1.0 (0.75-1.4) | |
| >0.43-0.66 mg/d | 205/220 | 1.3 (0.96-1.8) | |
| >0.66-0.98 mg/d | 186/220 | 1.2 (0.87-1.7) | |
| >0.98 mg/d | 223/224 | 1.4 (1.0-2.0) | |
| 0.04 | |||
| Dietary nitrite from processed meat quintilesb | |||
| ≤0.04 mg/d | 139/208 | 1.0 Ref. | |
| >0.04-0.06 mg/d | 158/208 | 1.2 (0.87-1.7) | |
| >0.06-0.09 mg/d | 185/218 | 1.3 (0.94-1.8) | |
| >0.09-0.14 mg/d | 217/228 | 1.5 (1.1-2.0) | |
| >0.14 mg/d | 204/215 | 1.5 (1.0-2.1) | |
| 0.04 | |||
Participants who completed the food frequency questionnaire; those in the 1st or 99th percentile of total energy intake were excluded
Defined among controls
Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, high-risk occupation, race, ethnicity, state, dietary vitamin C intake (per 1,000 kcal - continuous), dietary vitamin B12 (per 1,000 kcal – continuous), total energy intake (kcal - continuous) and total water intake (L/d - continuous); models for nitrate/nitrite from processed meat were additionally adjusted for total meat intake (per 1,000 kcal - continuous)
Based on median values for quintiles of dietary nitrate/nitrite intake entered into the model as a continuous variable
CI indicates confidence interval, OR odds ratio.