Table 3.
Receipt of Adjuvant Analgesic Treatment of Pain in the Year Before Diagnosed Incident OUD or Opioid-Related Overdose in the Overall Patient Population and by Age Group from 2006 to 2016
| Percentage of Population | P Value for Trend | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | ||
| Any TCA | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 10.0 | 9.7 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 8.2 | .002 |
| Youth | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 1.9 | .92 |
| Adult | 10.8 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 8.4 | <.001 |
| Older adult | 14.1 | 13.9 | 15.6 | 12.6 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 7.8 | 7.9 | <.001 |
| Any SNRI | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 17.6 | 19.1 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 16.8 | 15.8 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 15.5 | 16.6 | 17.0 | .03 |
| Youth | 4.1 | 6.1 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 6.0 | .55 |
| Adult | 19.8 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 19.9 | 18.2 | 17.0 | 16.1 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 16.8 | 17.1 | .002 |
| Older adult | 13.2 | 21.2 | 20.4 | 22.7 | 21.3 | 19.8 | 18.1 | 18.8 | 19.2 | 19.7 | 19.2 | .73 |
| Any anticonvulsant | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 23.4 | 25.2 | 27.0 | 26.2 | 24.3 | 23.9 | 24.5 | 26.9 | 29.4 | 32.2 | 34.3 | .005 |
| Youth | 8.5 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 12.6 | .002 |
| Adult | 24.7 | 26.2 | 28.7 | 27.7 | 25.7 | 24.9 | 25.1 | 27.0 | 29.4 | 32.2 | 33.7 | .02 |
| Older adult | 36.0 | 38.9 | 40.1 | 39.3 | 35.9 | 38.5 | 34.1 | 39.0 | 41.3 | 41.9 | 43.3 | .08 |
| Any muscle relaxant | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 39.8 | 38.5 | 40.1 | 38.1 | 36.5 | 34.9 | 34.6 | 34.8 | 36.4 | 37.8 | 39.4 | .28 |
| Youth | 12.0 | 9.0 | 10.2 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 7.1 | .90 |
| Adult | 44.6 | 42.4 | 44.7 | 42.5 | 40.4 | 38.5 | 37.5 | 37.1 | 38.4 | 40.0 | 41.7 | .04 |
| Older adult | 29.1 | 37.5 | 35.2 | 32.8 | 33.6 | 33.5 | 30.5 | 33.3 | 33.5 | 32.3 | 31.5 | .52 |
Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant.