TABLE 1.
Maternal sociodemographic and neonatal characteristics and maternal trimester-1 dietary intakes by birth outcome and fetal sex1
| Characteristics | All births | AGA | SGA | P | Male births | Female births | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 2035 | 1458 | 577 | 1047 | 988 | ||
| Maternal | |||||||
| Age, y | 24.4 ± 3.8 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 24.0 ± 3.7 | 0.005 | 24.4 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.9 | 0.521 |
| Weight at recruitment, kg | 52.5 ± 9.5 | 53.4 ± 9.5 | 50.2 ± 9.2 | <0.001 | 52.5 ± 9.3 | 52.4 ± 9.7 | 0.731 |
| Height, m | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 0.220 |
| Primiparous,2n (%) | 1200 (59) | 835 (57) | 365 (63) | 0.013 | 611 (58) | 589 (60) | 0.564 |
| Education,2n (%) | <0.001 | 0.247 | |||||
| Up to high school | 675 (33) | 445 (31) | 230 (40) | 335 (32) | 340 (34) | ||
| PUC/diploma and above | 1360 (67) | 1013 (70) | 347 (60) | 712 (68) | 648 (66) | ||
| Maternal dietary intake (trimester 1) | |||||||
| Energy, kcal/d | 1910 ± 517 | 1918 ± 521 | 1890 ± 504 | 0.260 | 1900 ± 487 | 1921 ± 546 | 0.346 |
| Carbohydrate, % of energy | 64.6 ± 5.1 | 64.5 ± 5.1 | 64.8 ± 4.9 | 0.175 | 64.5 ± 5.0 | 64.7 ± 5.1 | 0.351 |
| Protein, % of energy | 11.5 ± 1.1 | 11.5 ± 1.1 | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 0.816 | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 11.5 ± 1.1 | 0.847 |
| Fat, % of energy | 23.9 ± 4.4 | 24.0 ± 4.5 | 23.6 ± 4.3 | 0.109 | 24.0 ± 4.4 | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 0.267 |
| Neonate | |||||||
| Birth weight, g | 2875 ± 450 | 3015 ± 439 | 2523 ± 234 | <0.001 | 2914 ± 461 | 2834 ± 435 | <0.001 |
| SGA, n (%) | 577 (28) | — | — | — | 311 (30) | 266 (27) | 0.164 |
| Gestational age at birth, wk | 38.6 ± 1.5 | 38.5 ± 1.7 | 38.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 38.6 ± 1.6 | 38.7 ± 1.5 | 0.250 |
1
All values are means ± SDs unless otherwise indicated; n = 2035. P values were derived by using independent-samples t test unless otherwise indicated. AGA, appropriate-for-gestational age; PUC, pre-University course; SGA, small-for-gestational age.
2
P values were derived by using chi-square test.