Table 2.
Results of Bivariate Analyses for Risk Factors for Exposure to Ebola Virus (EBOV)
| Risk Factora | Seroprevalence in Exposed Group, Proportion (%) | Seroprevalence in Nonexposed Group, Proportion (%) | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumed wildlifeb | ||||
| Primate | 1/8 (12.5) | 15/285 (5.3) | 2.57 (.30–22.27) | .365 |
| Bat | ... | ... | ... | >.999 |
| Rodent | 2/13 (15.4) | 14/282 (5.0) | 3.48 (.70–17.23) | .152 |
| Duiker | 6/72 (8.3) | 10/223 (4.5) | 1.94 (.68–5.53) | .217 |
| Porcupinec | 1/7 (18.7) | 15/288 (5.2) | 3.03 (.34–26.83) | .326 |
| Wild pig | 6/63 (9.5) | 10/232 (4.3) | 2.34 (.82–6.70) | .114 |
| Hippopotamus | 4/57 (7.0) | 10/193 (5.2) | 1.35 (.30–4.92) | .618 |
| Civet | ... | ... | ... | >.999 |
| Any | 11/115 (9.6) | 5/180 (2.8) | ... | |
| Contacted wildlife that raided crops | ||||
| Primate | 3/68 (4.4) | 11/183 (6.0) | 0.73 (.13–2.89) | .765 |
| Bat | 1/12 (8.3) | 13/239 (5.4) | 1.53 (.03–11.97) | .514 |
| Rodent (all species) | 14/223 (6.3) | 0/28 (0.0) | ... | >.999 |
| Rodent (cane rat) | 0/1 (0.0) | 14/253 (5.5) | ... | >.999 |
| Duiker | 1/5 (20.0) | 13/246 (5.3) | 3.78 (.07–37.33) | .280 |
| Porcupinec | 1/2 (50.0) | 13/249 (5.2) | 9.57 (.15–191.09) | .151 |
| Wild pig | 1/5 (20.0) | 13/246 (5.3) | 3.78 (.07–37.33) | .280 |
| Civet | ... | ... | ... | >.999 |
| Any | 14/233 (6.0) | 0/18 (0.0) | ... | |
| Touched/handled wildlife | ||||
| Primate | 0/17 (0.0) | 16/279 (5.7) | ... | >.999 |
| Bat | 0/1 (0.0) | 16/295 (5.4) | ... | >.999 |
| Rodent (all species) | 15/210 (7.1) | 1/86 (1.2) | 6.14 (.91–261.51) | .049 |
| Rodent (cane rat) | 1/6 (16.7) | 13/245 (5.3) | 3.14 (.06–28.90) | .319 |
| Duiker | 3/16 (18.8) | 13/280 (4.6) | 4.03 (.67–16.83) | .065 |
| Porcupinec | 1/6 (16.7) | 15/290 (5.2) | 3.22 (.06–29.19) | .311 |
| Wild pig | 0/4 (0.0) | 16/292 (5.5) | ... | >.999 |
| Civet | 0/1 (0.0) | 16/295 (5.4) | ... | >.999 |
| Any | 15/212 (7.1) | 1/84 (1.2) | ... | |
| Contacted wildlife in forest | ||||
| Primate | 0/3 (0.0) | 16/292 (5.5) | ... | >.999 |
| Bat | 0/1 (0.0) | 16/294 (5.4) | ... | >.999 |
| Rodent | 1/8 (12.5) | 15/287 (5.2) | 2.39 (.05–19.88) | .382 |
| Wild birdsd | 2/3 (66.7) | 12/248 (4.8) | 13.78 (1.03–128.96) | .024 |
| Duiker | 0/2 (0.0) | 16/293 (5.5) | ... | >.999 |
| Porcupinec | ... | ... | ... | |
| Wild pig | 0/2 (0.0) | 16/293 (5.5) | ... | >.999 |
| Civet | 0/1 (0.0) | 16/294 (5.4) | ... | >.999 |
| Any | 2/14 (14.3) | 12/237 (5.1) | ... | |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
aHaving wildlife in homes, having wildlife near homes, having wildlife close to water source, sharing fruits/vegetables with wildlife, being injured by wildlife, finding dead wildlife, hunting wildlife, and consuming wildlife were not significantly associated with EBOV seropositivity for any wildlife species.
bIncludes both current and past wildlife consumption.
cPorcupines are reported separately from rodents because porcupines were not considered to be in the same animal category as smaller rodent species by local study participants.
dContact with wild birds, while significant on bivariate analysis, did not have a large enough sample size to evaluate as a risk factor in a multivariable analysis.