FIGURE 2.

Multilevel communication between environments influencing antibiotic resistance. Communication occurs among environments (red circles and large red “communication” triangle), among the microbiotas contained in these environments (yellow circles y large yellow triangle), and among the species and clones contained in these microbiotas (blue circles and blue triangle). Inside environments there are spatially defined subenvironments or macroaggregates (light blue small circles). They contain microbiotas, bacterial community microaggregates (pink circles), which at their turn contain bacterial species and clones (light gray circles), which contain mobile genetic elements (rings, representing plasmids). At each one of these levels, communications (small triangles) are established. One Health emphasized that merging of environments, microbiotas, and bacterial communities, favors communications and consequently the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.