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. 2019 Dec 17;7:428. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00428

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Copyright © 2019 Liu, Khalaf, Adeeb and El-Rich.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of IAP on ligament force (A) and load-sharing of the passive structures (discs and ligaments) (B) evaluated at 60° forward flexion. The facet joints have no contribution to load-sharing.