Table 2.
Element type and material properties of the FE model.
| Spinal components | Element type | Material behavior | Mechanical properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone | 3-node Shell | E = 12,000 MPa, ν = 0.3 | ||
| Cartilaginous endplates | 3-node Shell | Linear elastic | E = 23.8 MPa, ν = 0.4 | Naserkhaki et al., 2016 |
| Cancellous bone | Tetrahedral | E = 200 MPa, ν = 0.25 | ||
| Annulus ground substance | Hexahedral | Hyper-Elastic (Mooney-Rivlin) | C10 = 0.18, C01 = 0.045 | Schmidt et al., 2006 |
| Nucleus pulposus | Hexahedral | C10 = 0.12, C01 = 0.030 | ||
| Collagen fibers | 2D spring | Non-linear force-displacement curve | Shirazi-Adl et al., 1986 |