Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the patients.
| Characteristics | Control Subjects | NDR subjects | DR subjects | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 60 | 48 | 62 | |
| Age (years) | 54.2 ± 13.3 | 58.6 ± 8.95 | 58.3 ± 6 | 0.09 |
| Gender (male/female) | 33/27 | 11/37 | 29/33 | 0.02* |
| Course of disease (years) | - | 5 ± 5.2 | 17 ± 10.3 | <0.0001* |
| Alcohol consumption | 28 | 16 | 18 | 0.11 |
| Current Smoker | 10 | 19 | 23 | 0.01* |
| Kidney disease | 1 | - | 1 | 0.67 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.53 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 3.5 | 29 ± 5.6 | 27 ± 5.4 | 0.19 |
| Medication | ||||
| Biguanides (%) | 50% | 54% | ||
| Sulfonylureas (%) | 25% | 45.1% | ||
| SGLT2 Inhibitors (%) | 2% | 0 | ||
| Insuline | 10% | 56.4% | ||
*P < 0.05.