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. 2019 Sep 18;48(1):437–446. doi: 10.1007/s10439-019-02361-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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General scheme of a prostate phantom for surgical simulation and evaluation, which consists of the following steps: (a) The phantom is designed based on data of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (b) The phantom is fabricated using 3D printing and molding method with soft tissue-like materials; (c) Surgery process, such as transurethral resection of prostate surgery (TURP), is performed on the phantom; (d) The surgical outcome is quantitatively evaluated by an imaging method, such as ultrasound imaging.