Table 1.
Characteristics of studies identified in a systematic review of the validity of dietary assessment methods used in adults (≥18 years) when compared with the method of doubly labeled water (DLW).
| References | Dietary recall method | n | Sex | Age (y) |
Participants BMI Mean ± SD |
Length of DLW Collection (days) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method and recording period | Technology component (Yes/No) | Range | Mean ± SD | |||||
| Andersen et al. (24) Norway | FFQ: recording period 1 year | No | 17 | All female | NR | 23.7 ± 2.5 | 21.8 ± 2.2 | 10 |
| Arab et al. (25) USA | 6 × 24 h MPR via web based platform delivered over 2 weeks and 6 days FFQ (DHQ): recording period 1 year | Yes | 233 | Females (n = 158) Males (n = 75) |
21–69 | Median (IQR) Overall: 33.3 (12.5) White participants (n = 118): 29.2 (13.2) Black participants (n = 115): 38.3 (11.8) |
Median (IQR) Overall: 25.0 (6.1) White participants: 23.6 (4.8) Black participants: 26.9 (6.7) |
15 |
| Barnard et al. (26) Australia | DH with food checklist and WFR: recording period 7 days | No | 15 | Females (n = 8) Males (n = 7) |
22–59 | Overall: 36.2 ± 11.7 Female: 37.1 ± 9.6 Male: 35.4 ± 13.1 |
Overall: 24.9 ± 4.6 Female: 23.8 ± 5.3 Male: 25.9 ± 3.9 |
14 |
| Bathalon et al. (27) USA | WFR: recording period 7 days, FFQ: reporting period 6 months and 3 × 24 h recall | No | 60 | All female | NR | Mean ± SEM Restrained eaters (n = 34): 60.3 ± 0.6 Unrestrained eaters (n = 26): 59.4 ± 0.6 |
Mean ± SEM Unrestrained eaters: 23.6 ± 0.6 Restrained eaters: 24.8 ± 0.5 |
15 |
| Beasley et al. (28) USA | Up to 5 × 24 h recall MPR (phone and in person) | No | 450 | Males (n = 174) Females (n = 276) |
18–74 | 18–44 (n = 172) 45–64 (n = 252) 65+ (n = 26) |
Underweight (BMI <18.5): n = 4 Normal (18.5–24.9): n = 85 Overweight (25–29.9): n = 180 Obese (25–29.9): n = 181 |
12 |
| Black et al. (29) UK | WFR: recording period 16 days over a period of 1 year for female and male participants and 21 days for post-obese participants defined as having lost more than 12.7 kg and maintained weight loss for more than 6 months. Post obese subjects WFR 10–11 days |
No | 56 | Females (n = 18) Males (n = 27) Post-obese (n = 11) |
50–87 | Female: 57.9 ± 4.6 Male: 67.5 ± 5.03 Post-obese: 35.6 ± 0.10 |
Female: 25.0 ± 3.9 Male: 25.4 ± 3.6 Post-obese: 23.6 ± 2.8 |
14–21 |
| Black et al. (30) UK | DH: reporting period 1 year and WFR: recording period 16 days. PETRA system recorded onto cassette Unstructured 24 h recall; reporting period 7 days |
No | 16 | All female | 50–65 | 57.5 ± 4.6 | 25.1 ± 4.2 | 14 |
| Blanton et al. (31) USA | 2 × 24 h MPR using automated computerized recall. Food Record (FR): recording period 14 days, FFQ: reporting period 1 year. DHQ (FFQ): reporting period 1 month | Yes | 20 | All female | 25–40 | 30.0 ± 3.9 | 22.1 ± 1.9 | 15 |
| Boushey et al. (32) USA | Mobile food record for 7.5 days Select foods provided for study |
No | 45 | Females (n = 30) Males (n = 15) |
21–65 | 33 ± 12 | 26 ± 6 | 8 |
| Champagne et al. (33) USA | WFR: recording period 7 days | No | 20 | All females | NR | Dietitians (n = 10): 36.4 ± 3.8 Non-dietitians (n = 10): 33.4 ± 2.0 |
Dietitians: 23.0 ± 1.1 Non-dietitians: 23.1 ± 1.2 |
7 |
| Christensen et al. (34) Sweden | Web-based FFQ (normal) 174 items, Web-based FFQ (mini) 126 items and web-based FR: recording period 7 days | No | 39 | Females (n = 31) Males (n = 8) |
20–63 | 33.0 ± 12.0 | 23 ± 3.7 | 11 |
| Farooqi et al. (35) Sweden | FR: recording period 7 days and DH | No | 19 | All females | 60–80 | 69.2 ± 6.0 | 24.5 ± 3.5 | 14 |
| Fassini et al. (36) Brazil | 4 × 24 h recalls (3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) using USDA multi pass method (in person and phone) | No | 22 | Females (n = 12) Males (n = 10) |
37–65 | 53 ± 8 | Short bowel syndrome (SBS) group: 21.5 ± 3.4 Control group 22.3 ± 2.5 |
14 |
| Ferriolli et al. (37) Brazil | FFQ | No | 19 | Females (n = 9) Males (n = 10) |
60–75 | Female: 66.5 ± 4.6 Male: 66.2 ± 3.3 |
Female: 29.3 ± 6.3 Male: 26.8 ± 4.4 |
10 |
| Freedman et al. (38) USA | 2 × FFQ and 2 × 24 h MPR, interviewer administered | No | 484 Repeat DLW measures n = 25 | Females (n = 223) Males (n = 261) |
40–69 | NR | NR | 14 |
| Gemming et al. (39), New Zealand | 3 × 24 h MPR interviewer administered 3 × wearable camera assisted 24 h MPR (MPR+SC) | Yes | 40 | Females (n = 20) Males (n = 20) |
18–64 | Female: 27.1 ± 7.5 Male: 34.8 ± 12.6 |
Female: 22.3 ± 2.3 Male: 27.1 ± 3.9 |
15 |
| Hagfors et al. (40) Sweden | DH: Reporting period 1 month | No | 9 | Females (n = 6) Males (n = 3) |
48–67 | Total group. MD: 58.8 ± 9.9 CD: 59.5 ± 8.1 |
Total group. MD: 28.1 ± 4.4 CD: 26.4 ± 3.2 |
14 |
| Hise et al. (41) USA | Observer recorded WFR and 14 × 12 recalls to capture snacks outside a controlled cafeteria setting | No | 54 | Females (n = 32) Males (n = 22) |
NR | Female: 22.1 ± 4.3 Male: 22.7 ± 3.8 |
Female: 29.5 ± 2.8 Male: 30.3 ± 2.9 |
14 |
| Howat et al. (42) USA | 2 × 24 h recall and FR: recording period 14 days | No | 44 | All female | 18–49 | Experimental group (n = 18): 33 ± 9.92 Control group (n = 26): 34 ± 9.39 |
BMI range: 16.88 to 64.45 BMI <19: n = 8 BMI 19–24: n = 14 BMI 24–27: n = 6 BMI >27: n = 16 |
7 |
| Hutchesson et al. (43) Australia | Web-based FR: recording period 9 days | Yes | 9 | All female | 20- 48 | 34.5 ± 11.3 | 29.2 ± 1.4 | 10 |
| Johnson et al. (44) USA | 4 × 24 h MPR over 14-day period interviewer administered (2 in person, 2 over the phone) | No | 35 | All female | 19–46 | 30.2 ± 6.7 | 28.3 ± 7.4 | 14 |
| Kaczkowski et al. (45) Canada | Multimedia (cassette and camera) FR: recording period 4 days | Yes | 53 | All female | 50–93 | 64.9 ± 11.3 | 24.4 ± 4.0 | 13 |
| Koebnick et al. (46) Germany | FR: recording period 4 days | Yes | 29 | Females (n = 16) Males (n = 13) |
19–64 | 36.8 ± 11.8 | 23.4 ± 2.7 | 14 |
| Koehler et al. (47) Germany | FR: recording period 7 days | No | 14 | All male | NR | 30.4 ± 6.2 | 23.2 ± 1.4 | 7 |
| Kroke et al. (48) Germany | 12 × 24 h recall, computer assisted l and FFQ: 146 item reporting period 1 yea | Yes | 28 | NR | 40–67 | Males: 56 ± 7.6 Females: 52 ± 4.7 |
Males: 26.9 ± 3.7 Females: 26.1 ± 4.65 |
14 |
| Lins et al. (49) Brazil | 3 × 24 h recall and FFQ | No | 67 | All female | 19–45 | 30.94 ± 5.36 | 27.7 ± 5.05 | 14 |
| Lissner et al. (50) USA | 2 × 24 h MPR and FFQ all interviewer administered: Reporting period 1 year | No | 390 | Females (n = 179) Males (n = 211) |
40–69 | NR | BMI <25 (females n = 75, males n = 55) BMI 25–29 (females n = 54, males n = 99) BMI ≥ 30 (females n = 50, males n = 57) 80% Caucasian |
NR |
| Livingstone et al. (51) Ireland | WFR: recording period 7 days | No | 31 | Females (n = 15)Males (n = 16) | NR | Females 35.5 ± 11.4 Males 31.5 ± 7.2 |
Female: 24.3 ± 3.1 Male: 25.8 ± 3.3 |
15 |
| Lof et al. (52) Sweden | 3 × 24 h recall via phone | No | 37 | All female | 21–41 | 29 ± 4.0 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 15 |
| Lopes et al. (53) Brazil | 3 × 24 h MPR completed in person and FR—recording period 2 days interviewer administered | No | 83 | Females (n = 50) Males (n = 33) |
45–60 | NR | BMI <25: (females n = 15, males n = 8) BMI ≥ 25: (females n = 35, males n = 25) |
10 |
| Mahabir et al. (54) USA | FR: recording period 7 days and DHQ (FFQ) | No | 65 | All female | 49–79 | 59.9 ± 7.5 | 27.7 ± 5.6 | 14 |
| Martin et al. (55) USA | Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM): recording period 6 days | Yes | 40 | Females (n = 44) Males (n = 6) |
18–65 | 43.0 ± 14.3 | 31.9 ± 3.7 Caucasian 77% | 14 |
| Martin et al. (56) Canada | WFR: recording period 7 days | No | 29 | All female | 37–57 | 48.7 ± 5.0 | 23.3 ± 2.5 | 13 |
| Medin et al. (57) Norway | Web FFQ (1 year reporting period, 279 foods), four 24 h non-consecutive days conducted via telephone using 3 step approach | Yes | 29 | All female | NR | 38.5 ± 10.7 | 23.8 ± 3.7 | 14 |
| McClung et al. (58) USA | Hand-held personal digital assistant (PDA): recording period 7 days or written FR: recording period 7 days | Yes | 26 | Females (n = 2) Males (n = 24) |
NR | 23.0 ± 4.0 | 24.0 ± 2.0 ADF personnel |
9 |
| Moshfegh et al. (59) USA | 3 × 24 h MPR: 1 completed in person and 2 by phone computer assisted | No | 524 | Females (n = 262) Males (n = 262) |
30–69 | Not reported | 21% of sample were obese Non-Hispanic white 77% |
14 |
| Most et al. (60) USA | SmartIntake—smart phone application based on the RFPM method. Food images collected for 6–7 days with written records collected if missed image | Yes | 23 | All female | 18–40 | ± 1.1 | 36.9 ± 1.3 Obese class I (n = 10), obese class II (n = 7), obese class III (n = 6) |
7 |
| Nybacka et al. (61) Sweden | FR: recording period 4 days and FFQ, reporting period previous few months | No | 40 | Females (n = 20) Males (n = 20) |
50–64 | Females: 57.8 ± 4.1 Males:58.6 ± 4.9 |
Female: 25.7 ± 3.1 Male: 27.3 ± 3.0 |
14 |
| Okubo et al. (62) Japan | DHQ (FFQ): reporting period 1 month | No | 140 | Females (n = 73) Males (n = 67) |
20–59 | Females: 38.5 ± 10.4 Males: 39.4 ± 11.1 |
Female: 21.6 ± 2.7 Male: 23.3 ± 2.9 |
14 |
| Park et al. (63) USA | 6 × ASA24, 2 × FFQ (134 items), 2 × unweighed 4DFR (paper based) and 7-day food checklist (32 items) | No | 1075 n = 704 (DLW) |
Females (n = 545) Males (n = 530) |
50–74 | Males: 64 Females: 62 |
Female: BMI 30 to <40 n = 32 Males: BMI 30 to <40 n = 29 |
10 |
| Persson et al. (64) Sweden | FR: reporting period 7 days collected by ward ward staff | No | 31 | Females (n = 18) Males (n = 13) |
65–96 | 86 ± 6 | Female: 22.6 ± 3.6 Male:24.2 ± 3.4 |
22 |
| Pettitt et al. (65) UK | FR: reporting period 14 days FR with wearable micro-camera (FRMC) worn on ear: reporting period 2 days | Yes | 6 | Females (n = 2) Males (n = 4) |
24–34 | 28.5 ± 3.39 | BMI: 25.3 ± 2.6 | 14 |
| Pfrimer et al. (66) Brazil | FFQ: reporting period 1 year interview administered and 3 × 24 h MPR | No | 41 | Females (n = 21) Males (n = 20) |
60–70 | Females: 67 ± 3 Males: 68 ± 4 |
Female: 29 ± 5 Male: 26 ± 4 |
10 |
| Ptomey et al. (67) USA | Digital photographs for 7 days and 7 × 24 h MPR (DPR) | Yes | 91 | Females (n = 45) Males (n = 46) |
18–30 | Overall: 22.9 ± 3.2 Females: 22.4 ± 3 Males: 23.4 ± 3.4 |
30.6 ± 4.6 Female: 29.5 ± 4.5 Male: 31.7 ± 4.4 Non Hispanic and white (n = 78) |
14 |
| Rafamantanantsoa et al. (68) Japan | FR: reporting period 3 days and camera camera (FRC) for 3 days | Yes | 44 | All male | 30–79 | 51 ± 14 | 23.3 ± 2.6 | 14 |
| Rollo et al. (69) Australia | Nutricam Dietary Assessment Method (NuDAM) on mobile phone consisting of primarily an image-voice food record: reporting period 3 days and WFR for 3 days | Yes | 10 | Females (n = 4) Males (n = 6) |
48–69 | 61.2 ± 6.9 | 31 ± 4.5 | 14 |
| Rothenberg et al. (70) Sweden | DH: interview, reporting period 1 month | No | 12 | Females (n = 9) Males (n = 3) | NR | 73 (SD NR and described as geriatric) | 25 ± 2.8 | 20 |
| Sagayama et al. (71) Japan | Self-reported WFR (written) and visual record using a digital camera | Yes | 10 | All male | NR | 20.4 ± 0.5 | Overall: 25.7 ± 1.7 Lightweight wrestlers: 24.5 ± 0.9 Middle weight wrestlers: 27.5 ± 0.4 |
7 |
| Sawaya et al. (72) USA | WFR: reporting period 7 days. 24 h recall: reporting period 2 days. FFQ × 2 (Willett): reporting period 1 year. FFQ × 2 (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research (FHCRC/BLOCK)): reporting period 1 year | No | 20 | All female | NR | Younger women: 25.2 ± 3.5 Older women: 74.0 ± 4.4 |
Younger women: 20.9 ± 1.9 Older women: 24.1 ± 2.8 |
7 |
| Scagliusi et al. (73) Brazil | 3 × 24 h MPR, FR: recording period 3 days and FFQ: reporting period 1 month | No | 65 | All female | 18–57 | 33.7 ± 10.8 | 27.9 ± 6.7 White (n = 43) Black/mulatto (n = 17) Asian/Brazilian (n = 5) |
10 |
| Schulz et al. (74) USA | 10 × 24 h interviewer administered recall and FFQ: reporting period not specified | No | 21 | Females (n = 9) Males (n = 12) |
NR | Females 31.3 ± 13.0 Males 35.4 ± 13.8 |
Female: 42.2 ± 12.5 Male: 32.3 ± 9.4 Pima Indians |
14 |
| Shook et al. (75) USA | 3x interviewer administered 24 h recalls on random non-consecutive days over a 14-days | No | 195 | 46% female | 21–35 | 27.9 ± 3.8 | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 14 |
| Subar et al. (5) USA | 2 × 24 h MPR and FFQ (DHQ): reporting period 1 year | No | 484 | Females (n = 223) Males (n = 261) |
40–69 | NR | Female: <25.0 (n = 86) 25.0–29.9 (n = 72) >30.0 (n = 65) Male: <25.0 (n = 57) 25.0–29.9 (n = 127) >30.0 (n = 77) |
14 |
| Svendsen et al. (76) Norway | WFR: recording period 3 days and FFQ interviewer administered: reporting period 3 months | No | 50 | Females (n = 27) Males (n = 23) |
24–64 | 43.2 ± 10.3 | Female: 36.6 ± 3.4 Male: 34.6 ± 2.9 All participants with obesity |
14 |
| Svensson et al. (77) Sweden | SDQ (FFQ). Reporting period 3 months. FFQ. Reporting period 1 year (Completed by non-pregnant participants only) | No | 90 | All female | NR | Median (IQR) Overall: 35.7 (3.3) Non-pregnant: 29.2 (6.6) Pregnant: 31.5 (3.8) Median 29.2, IQR 6.6 |
Individuals with Overweight/obesity (n = 31) BMI median (IQR) Non-pregnant women (n = 65) 24.7 (8.8) Pregnant women (n = 25) 25.2 (3.6) |
10 |
| Tanskanen et al. (78) Finland | 2x Pre-filled food diary: reporting period 3–4 days. The prefilled food diary included details of food and fluid and composition of foods served in military so were added to the prefilled diary | No | 24 | All male | 19–20 | 19.6 ± 0.2 | 24.3 ± 3.8 All Conscripts—compulsory military service | 14 |
| Tran et al. (79) USA | 2 × 24 h MPR via telephone and 2 × 24 h MPR in person | No | 35 | All female | 19–46 | 30.2 ± 6.7 | 28.3 ± 7.4 | 14 |
| Weber et al. (80) USA | FR reporting period 8 days. Analyzed using 2 different USA nutrient databases: Nutrient Data System (NDS) Nutritionist III (N3) | No | 16 | All female | 18–32 | 23.9 ± 5.0 | Lean women (n = 8): 21.4 ± 2.2 Women with obesity (n = 8): 32.0 ± 3.5 |
8 |
| Yuan et al. (81) USA |
2 × SFFQ (152 item—paper based), 2 × 7-day DR and 4 × ASA24 | No | 624 | All female | NR | 61.4 ± 9.5 | 26.5 ± 5.4 | 14 |