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. 2019 Dec 23;9:19682. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55193-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phellem cell walls observed from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The cell wall is composed of the four successive layers: Middle Lamella (ML), Primary Wall (PW), Secondary Wall (SW) and Tertiary Wall (TW). The selected TEM pictures highlight a plasmodesmata crossing the cell wall. (a) A thicker region of the tertiary wall can be seen at the extremities of the plasmodesmata. (b) The plasmic membrane is visible inside the plasmodesmata.