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. 2019 Dec 23;9:19710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56232-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Satellite (SST) and 23 m-depth in situ (STR) temperature and calculated heat stress (DHW) for Pearl and Hermes Atoll, 2007–2012. (a) SST (red dots) and STR (blue dots) daily temperature time series with SST and STR bias-adjusted MMM thresholds (red and blue lines, respectively) for the SST climatologically warmest month (September, gray bars). (b) Surface DHW (MMM applied to SST surface temperature). (c) Subsurface unadjusted DHW (MMM applied directly to STR temperature) – the inappropriate nature of this combination is identified with the red prohibition sign). (d) Bias-adjusted subsurface DHW (bias-adjusted MMM applied to STR temperature). Horizontal black dashed line in (b,d) represents the threshold of DHW associated with the start of severe bleaching (i.e., DHW = 4 °C-weeks).