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. 2019 Dec 23;9:19710. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56232-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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An example results of the new method of using bias-adjusted MMM to estimate DHW at depth of 38 m at Pearl & Hermes Atoll site between 2002 and 2016 (depths binned every 5 m, n = 30). (a) In situ (STR) temperature bias relative to satellite (SST) data (red = STR warmer, blue = STR cooler). (b) Subsurface DHW at depth using unadjusted MMM threshold (inappropriate in situ DHW calculation identified with red prohibition sign). (c) Subsurface DHW using bias-adjusted MMM threshold. (d) Difference between surface and bias-adjusted subsurface DHW (red indicates surface DHW is greater and blue indicates surface DHW lower than subsurface DHW).