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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2020 Jan;40(1):9–16. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000481

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Magnitude and pathophysiology of exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). A. HFpEF patients demonstrate severe exercise intolerance, measured objectively as a ~40% reduction in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (mL/kg/min) during peak aerobic exercise compared to healthy age-matched controls, adapted and pooled (mean ± SD) from published data by Bhella et al. (2011)50, Dhakal et al. (2015)16, and Haykowsky et al. (2011)17. B. HFpEF patients demonstrate reduced peak exercise cardiac output (Q) (L/min), adapted from published data (mean ± SE) by Dhakal et al. (2015)16. C. HFpEF patients demonstrate reduced peak exercise arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2Diff) (mL/dL), adapted from published data (mean ± SE) by Dhakal et al. (2015)16. EDV: end-diastolic volume, ESV: end-systolic volume, LV: left ventricle, LVEDP: left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, SVR: systemic vascular resistance, PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. * indicates significant (P <.05) difference between HFpEF and healthy age-matched controls for all figures.