Table 2.
Association between PA and medical- and health-related variables in Korean adults
| Variables | % | Neither | Resistance only1 | Aerobic only1 | Combined1 | p-value | PA1 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MV (min/wk) | Resistance (d/wk) | |||||||
| Chronic disease (n)2 | ||||||||
| None | 67.6 | 2,289 [17,014,375 (63.6)] | 526 [4,052,075 (15.1)] | 314 [2,546,704 (9.5)] | 368 [3,149,127 (11.8)] | <0.001 | 97.1±5.0* | 0.84±0.03 |
| 1 | 17.5 | 852 [4,760,985 (68.5)] | 188 [1,204,742 (17.3)] | 70 [491,257 (7.1)] | 77 [492,554 (7.1)] | 65.6±5.8* | 0.82±0.05 | |
| ≥2 (reference) | 14.9 | 880 [4,361,535 (73.9)] | 166 [957,962 (16.2)] | 52 [327,648 (5.6)] | 38 [251,548 (4.3)] | 43.1±6.3 | 0.73±0.06 | |
| Cancer | ||||||||
| None | 98.1 | 3,925 [25,592,704 (65.8)] | 861 [6,113,361 (15.7)] | 428 [3,321,728 (8.5)] | 474 [3,847,068 (9.9)] | 0.310 | 84.1±4.1* | 0.82±0.03 |
| ≥1 (reference) | 1.9 | 96 [544,192 (74.0)] | 19 [101,418 (13.8)] | 8 [43,881 (6.0)] | 9 [46,161 (6.3)] | 52.0±11.7 | 0.73±0.15 | |
| Weight (kg) | - | 64.0±0.3 | 66.0±0.5* | 69.0±0.8* | 68.0±0.7* | <0.001 | NA | NA |
| Waist circumference (cm)3 | 81.9±0.3 | 81.7±0.4 | 82.6±0.6 | 80.1±0.6* | 0.005 | NA | NA | |
| Normal | 64.8 | 2,324 [15,815,041 (61.9)] | 607 [4,372,279 (17.1)] | 276 [2,196,212 (8.6)] | 384 [3,152,120 (12.3)] | <0.001 | 95.8±5.6* | 0.95±0.03* |
| Obesity (reference) | 35.2 | 1,673 [10,152,017 (73.3)] | 270 [1,821,628 (13.1)] | 159 [1,165,309 (8.4)] | 97 [719,334 (5.2)] | 61.5±4.4 | 0.58±0.03 | |
| BMI (kg/m2)4 | 23.9±0.1 | 23.7±0.1 | 24.6±0.2* | 23.7±0.2 | 0.001 | NA | NA | |
| Underweight | 4.2 | 173 [1,238,618 (75.7)] | 29 [207,971 (12.7)] | 6 [43,594 (2.7)] | 19 [145,125 (8.9)] | <0.001 | 52.3±11.4* | 0.64±0.12 |
| Normal weight | 38.7 | 1,531 [10,038,066 (66.0)] | 360 [2,533,130 (16.7)] | 147 [1,139,104 (7.5)] | 192 [1,499,179 (9.9)] | 74.0±5.5 | 0.84±0.04* | |
| Overweight | 22.6 | 880 [5,483,400 (61.5)] | 215 [1,570,909 (17.6)] | 97 [755,233 (8.5)] | 129 [1,101,358 (12.4)] | 105.4±10.1 | 1.03±0.06* | |
| Obesity (reference) | 34.5 | 1,408 [9,153,730 (67.4)] | 275 [1,894,259 (13.9)] | 185 [1,420,723 (10.5)] | 141 [1,118,727 (8.2)] | 84.5±6.1 | 0.69±0.04 | |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| SBP | - | 117.6±0.4 | 117.1±0.7 | 116.8±0.8 | 115.4±0.7* | 0.065 | NA | NA |
| DBP | - | 75.2±0.2 | 76.2±0.5* | 77.8±0.5* | 75.9±0.5 | <0.001 | NA | NA |
| Blood profile (mg/dL) | ||||||||
| Glucose | - | 100.7±0.5 | 99.3±0.7 | 97.3±0.9* | 95.3±0.7* | <0.001 | NA | NA |
| TC | - | 194.1±0.8 | 191.0±1.6 | 196.1±2.3 | 191.6±1.8 | 0.135 | NA | NA |
| HDL | - | 50.9±0.2 | 51.4±0.4 | 50.8±0.8 | 53.4±0.6* | 0.001 | NA | NA |
| TG | - | 137.1±2.3 | 133.4±4.5 | 149.9±7.2 | 117.6±4.6* | <0.001 | NA | NA |
| Hand-grip strength (kg)5 | - | 28.4±0.2 | 32.6±0.4* | 32.1±0.6* | 35.4±0.6* | <0.001 | NA | NA |
| RHR (beat/min) | - | 70.7±0.2 | 70.1±0.4 | 68.8±0.5* | 67.8±0.6* | <0.001 | NA | NA |
| Family history | ||||||||
| No | 41.2 | 1,757 [11,352,364 (69.6)] | 343 [2,337,394 (14.3)] | 144 [1,123,515 (6.9)] | 186 [1,489,851 (9.1)] | 0.001 | 74.3±5.0* | 0.79±0.04 |
| Yes (reference) | 58.8 | 2,258 [14,756,927 (63.4)] | 536 [3,872,066 (16.6)] | 291 [2,238,249 (9.6)] | 296 [2,393,505 (10.3)] | 90.0±5.4 | 0.84±0.03 | |
Values are presented as unweighted number [estimated number (%)] or mean±standard deviation.
PA, physical activity; MV, moderate to vigorous aerobic; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; RHR, resting heart rate; NA, not applicable.
A p-value was calculated versus neither or reference group.
Chronic disease was counted except for cancer.
Waist circumference: obesity ≥90 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females.
BMI (kg/m2): underweight <18.5, 18.5≤ normal<23.0, 23.0≤overweight<25.0, obesity≥25.0.
Hand-grip strength values are the average of three measurements for the dominant hand (higher value is used for ambidextrous participants).
p<0.05.