Table 4.

Association between PA and psychological variables in Korean adults

Variables			%	Neither	Resistance only	Aerobic only	Combined	p-value	PA1
									MV (min/wk)	Resistance (d/wk)
Perceived stress
	Barely		13.9	655 [3,660,732 (66.7)]	151 [902,023 (16.4)]	61 [406,281 (7.4)]	74 [521,236 (9.5)]	0.015	77.4±8.6*	0.93±0.07*
	A little		57.1	2,196 [14,384,886 (63.7)]	520 [3,711,842 (16.4)]	260 [2,006,379 (8.9)]	300 [2,469,255 (10.9)]		93.3±5.5*	0.90±0.03*
	Much		24.5	951 [6,680,008 (68.9)]	180 [1,368,591 (14.1)]	101 [842,758 (8.7)]	97 [810,647 (8.4)]		71.8±5.4*	0.65±0.05
	Very much (reference)		4.4	208 [1,349,238 (76.8)]	27 [212,170 (12.1)]	14 [110,190 (6.3)]	11 [85,222 (4.9)]		43.7±7.7	0.46±0.10
Depression over 2 wk
	No		88.3	3,444 [22,616,189 (64.8)]	797 [5,621,820 (16.1)]	402 [3,106,487 (8.9)]	439 [3,547,657 (10.2)]	<0.001	86.3±4.3*	0.85±0.03*
	Yes (reference)		11.7	568 [3,467,406 (74.8)]	81 [572,806 (12.4)]	34 [259,121 (5.6)]	43 [338,703 (7.3)]		63.1±9.1	0.56±0.05
Current depression
	No		97.9	3,902 [25,527,907 (65.9)]	856 [6,061,816 (15.6)]	431 [3,338,864 (8.6)]	478 [3,836,926 (9.9)]	0.170	84.5±4.1*	0.82±0.03
	Yes (reference)		2.1	119 [608,989 (72.1)]	24 [152,964 (18.1)]	5 [26,745 (3.2)]	5 [56,303 (6.7)]		39.5±13.1	0.77±0.15
Thinking suicide for a year
	No		95.3	3,782 [24,679,629 (65.5)]	841 [5,928,594 (15.7)]	421 [3,262,604 (8.7)]	474 [3,802,811 (10.1)]	0.026	85.5±4.2*	0.83±0.02*
	Yes (reference)		4.7	230 [1,403,966 (75.6)]	37 [266,032 (14.3)]	15 [103,005 (5.5)]	8 [83,549 (4.5)]		44.8±12.8	0.57±0.11
Psychological counselling for a year
	No		97.2	3,892 [25,359,835 (66.0)]	848 [5,992,457 (15.6)]	424 [3,288,442 (8.6)]	471 [3,795,700 (9.9)	0.710	84.3±4.1	0.82±0.03
	Yes (reference)		2.8	122 [731,273 (66.4)]	30 [202,169 (18.4)]	12 [77,167 (7.0)]	11 [90,660 (8.2)]		57.8±14.3	0.76±0.12
HRQoL
	Mobility
		No problem	89.9	3,335 [22,831,301 (64.1)]	792 [5,717,456 (16.1)]	418 [3,285,001 (9.2)]	464 [3,781,737 (10.6)]	<0.001	89.5±4.3*	0.85±0.03*
		Any problem (reference)	10.1	686 [3,305,595 (82.7)]	88 [497,323 (12.4)]	18 [80,608 (2.0)]	19 [111,492 (2.8)]		30.5±10.4	0.53±0.06
	Self-care
		No problem	97.3	3,831 [25,204,176 (65.4)]	861 [6,112,534 (15.9)]	432 [3,335,734 (8.7)]	478 [3,869,807 (10.0)]	<0.001	85.2±4.1*	0.83±0.03*
		Any problems (reference)	2.7	190 [932,719 (85.7)]	19 [102,246 (9.4)]	4 [29,875 (2.7)]	5 [23,422 (2.2)]		24.4±12.8	0.38±0.08
	Usual activity
		No problem	94.4	3,654 [24,352,985 (65.1)]	832 [5,963,909 (15.9)]	425 [3,267,270 (8.7)]	471 [3,813,986 (10.2)]	<0.001	85.5±4.2	0.84±0.03*
		Any problems (reference)	5.6	366 [1,778,745 (80.6)]	48 [250,870 (11.4)]	11 [98,339 (4.5)]	12 [79,243 (3.6)]		49.6±18.8	0.53±0.08
	Pain/discomfort
		No problem	79.1	2,970 [20,164,281 (64.4)]	691 [4,946,862 (15.8)]	353 [2,754,421 (8.8)]	420 [3,462,990 (11.1)]	<0.001	89.6±4.5*	0.86±0.03*
		Any problems (reference)	20.9	1,050 [5,969,824 (72.1)]	189 [1,267,918 (15.3)]	83 [611,188 (7.4)]	63 [430,239 (5.2)]		60.7±6.8	0.68±0.05
	Anxiety/depression
		No problem	92.9	3,634 [24,027,069 (65.3)]	813 [5,798,007 (15.8)]	411 [3,202,848 (8.7)]	464 [3,746,384 (10.2)]	0.002	86.8±4.3*	0.84±0.03*
		Any problems (reference)	7.1	384 [2,104,134 (74.3)]	67 [416,773 (14.7)]	25 [162,760 (5.8)]	19 [146,845 (5.2)]		40.6±5.5	0.63±0.08

Values are presented as unweighted number [estimated number (%)] or mean±standard deviation.

PA, physical activity; MV, moderate to vigorous aerobic; HRQoL, health-related quality of life.

¹A p-value was calculated versus reference group.

^*p<0.05.