Figure 3. The main mechanism by which CyPA promotes cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling.
(1) CyPA is secreted in response to ROS, and then produces ROS to promote oxidative damage, mediates inflammatory response. (2) CyPA promotes the proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts and has a direct hypertrophic effect on cardiomyocytes. (3) CyPA stimulates vascular injury. (4) CyPA activates MMPs via EMMPRIN to promote ECM dissolution.