Table 1.
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems for PAH treatment.
| Drug | Delivery System | Animal Model | Route of Admin. | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostacyclin analogues | ||||
| Beraprost | Polymer (PLA and PEG-PLA) | MCT-induced rat model | Intravenous | [27] |
| Beraprost | Polymer (PLA and PEG-PLA) | Hypoxia mouse model | Intravenous | [27] |
| Beraprost | Polymer (PLGA) | MCT-induced rat model | Intratracheal | [28] |
| Beraprost | Polymer (PLGA) | Sugen/hypoxia rat model | Intratracheal | [28] |
| Treprostinil | Lipid nanoparticle | Hypoxia rat model | Inhalation | [29] |
| Iloprost | Liposome | Isolated PA of mice | [30] | |
| PDE5 inhibitors | ||||
| Sildenafil | GlcA-modified liposome | MCT-induced rat model | Intravenous | [31] |
| Tadalafil | Polymer (PLGA) | In vitro study | [32] | |
| ERA | ||||
| Bosentan | Polymer (PCL) | In vitro study | [33] | |
| Others | ||||
| Pitavastatin | Polymer (PLGA) | MCT-induced rat model | Intratracheal | [36] |
| Pitavastatin | Polymer (PLGA) | MCT-induced rat model | Intravenous | [37] |
| Imatinib | Polymer (PLGA) | MCT-induced rat model | Intratracheal | [38] |
| Rapamycin | Polymer (PEG-PCL) | MCT-induced rat model | Intravenous | [39] |
| Fasudil | Liposome | MCT-induced rat model | Inhalation | [40] |
| Oligonucleotides | ||||
| NF-kB decoy | Polymer (PEG-PLGA) | MCT-induced rat model | Intratracheal | [34] |
| AntimiRNA-145 | Liposome | Sugen/hypoxia rat model | Intravenous | [35] |
ERA, endothelin receptor antagonist; GlcA, glucuronic acid; MCT, monocrotaline; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappaB; PA, pulmonary artery; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone); PDE5, phosphodiesterase type-5; PEG-PCL, poly-(ethyleneglycol)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone); PEG-PLA, poly-(ethyleneglycol)-block-PLA; PEG-PLGA, poly-(ethyleneglycol)-block-PLGA; PLA, poly(lactide) homopolymer; PLGA, polylactide-glycolide.