Table 2.
Pathways | Therapeutic Targets | Potential Drugs |
---|---|---|
Growth factor | PDGF, EGF, FGF and VEGF | tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
Imatinib [52] | ||
Inflammation | IL-6 | tocilizumab [53] |
RAGE | RAGE aptamer, AS-1 [54] | |
Nrf2 and NFkB | bardoxolone methyl [21] | |
BMPR-II | BMPR2 and sma-9 | tacrolimus [55] |
ataluren [56] | ||
Metabolic modulators | glucose oxidation | dichloroacetate [57] |
Neurohormonal activation | sympathetic nerve system | β-blockers [58] |
DNA damage | BRCA1 and PARP | olaparib [21] |
Epigenetic modification | HDAC6 | tubastatin A [59] |
Vasoactive mediators | 5HT | 5HT-receptor antagonists [60] |
rho A/ROCK | fasudil [61] | |
adrenomedullin | adrenomedullin [62] | |
Apelin | apelin [63] |
PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IL, interleukin; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor; BRCA1, breast cancer susceptibility gene I; PARP, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; HT, hydroxytryptamine; ROCK, rho-kinase.