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. 2019 Nov 23;20(23):5885. doi: 10.3390/ijms20235885

Table 2.

Novel pathways, therapeutic targets, and potential drugs for PAH.

Pathways Therapeutic Targets Potential Drugs
Growth factor PDGF, EGF, FGF and VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Imatinib [52]
Inflammation IL-6 tocilizumab [53]
RAGE RAGE aptamer, AS-1 [54]
Nrf2 and NFkB bardoxolone methyl [21]
BMPR-II BMPR2 and sma-9 tacrolimus [55]
ataluren [56]
Metabolic modulators glucose oxidation dichloroacetate [57]
Neurohormonal activation sympathetic nerve system β-blockers [58]
DNA damage BRCA1 and PARP olaparib [21]
Epigenetic modification HDAC6 tubastatin A [59]
Vasoactive mediators 5HT 5HT-receptor antagonists [60]
rho A/ROCK fasudil [61]
adrenomedullin adrenomedullin [62]
Apelin apelin [63]

PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IL, interleukin; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; BMPR, bone morphogenetic protein receptor; BRCA1, breast cancer susceptibility gene I; PARP, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; HT, hydroxytryptamine; ROCK, rho-kinase.