Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants of the 3 groups.
| Baseline characteristics | Group Aa | Group Bb | Group Cc | |
| Gender (men/women), n | 78 (49/29) | 78 (50/28) | 78(46/32) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 55 (11) | 52 (10) | 52 (12) | |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 12.7 (7.1) | 11.2 (5.6) | 10.1 (5.5) | |
| Type 1 diabetes, n (%) | 7 (9) | 7 (9) | 7 (9) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.63 (2.79) | 25.36 (3.32) | 25.09 (3.88) | |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 85.2 (7.7) | 87.2 (8.9) | 87.0 (10.6) | |
| Blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
Systolic | 127 (13) | 127 (12) | 127 (15) |
|
|
Diastolic | 79 (9) | 81 (9) | 80 (7) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 9.86 (3.17) | 10.06 (3.03) | 10.14 (2.92) | |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%), mean (SD) | 9.27 (1.25) | 9.46 (1.18) | 9.58 (1.62) | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.92 (1.10) | 4.65 (0.87) | 5.01 (0.79) | |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.84 (1.05) | 1.87 (1.14) | 2.39 (1.63) | |
| Lipoprotein density (mmol/L), mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
High | 1.11 (0.27) | 1.08 (0.27) | 1.07 (0.28) |
|
|
Low | 2.97 (0.94) | 2.79 (0.75) | 2.90 (0.79) |
| Aminotransferase (U/L), mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
Alanine | 27 (19) | 28 (24) | 35 (28) |
|
|
Aspartate | 21 (8) | 22 (12) | 25 (15) |
| Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L), mean (SD) | 36 (21) | 39 (25) | 40 (23) | |
| Creatinine (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 65 (16) | 64 (13) | 62 (13) | |
| Uric acid (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 303 (67) | 305 (78) | 305 (78) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
|
|
Junior college or higher | 32 (41) | 38 (48.) | 38 (48) |
|
|
High school | 27 (34) | 25 (32) | 28 (35) |
|
|
Primary school or less | 19 (24) | 15 (19) | 12 (15) |
| Working, n (%) | 39 (50) | 50 (64) | 47 (60) | |
| Insulin, n (%) | 33 (42) | 33 (42) | 41 (52) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 29 (37) | 23 (29) | 28 (35) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 18 (23) | 13 (16) | 14 (17) | |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 13 (16) | 6 (7) | 11 (14) | |
aGroup A: control group.
bGroup B: app self-management group.
cGroup C: app interactive management group.