Table 2.

Data collection instruments and characteristics.

Author (publication year); instrument	Instrument primary purpose and adaptation; Continuity of care domain	Validation, reliability, and context for use	Number of items; Response options
Glasgow et al, (2005) [34]; Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) survey	A validated patient self-report instrument to assess the extent to which patients with chronic illness receive care that aligns with the Chronic Care Model. Measures care that is patient-centered, proactive, and planned and includes collaborative goal setting; Problem-solving and follow-up support	A practical instrument that is reliable and has face, construct, and concurrent validity	The PACIC consists of five scales and an overall summary score
MacColl Center for Health Care Innovation (2000) [35]; Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC V3.5) survey	The ACIC addresses the basic elements for improving chronic illness care at the community, organization, practice, and patient level―adapted for use in the MACSa setting; Relational, management, and informational continuity	Preliminary data indicate that the ACIC is responsive to changes that teams make in their systems and correlates well with other measures of productivity and system change	Seven dimensions—each dimension includes a number of items; Point value is attributed to a choice of four levels across each item
The EuroQolb Group (1990) [36] and Herdman et al (2011) [37]; Patient EQ-5Dc	The EQ-5D is a standardized measure of health status, applicable to a wide range of health conditions and treatments. Developed by the EuroQol Group, it provides a simple, generic measure of health for clinical and economic appraisal.	Widely validated and contextualized; translated into over 170 language versions	Five dimensions (each with three or five levels), 15 items, and cross-walk value sets available to convert three-item survey to meaningful value equivalent to five-item survey; Tick box and visual analog
Berglund CB et al (2015) [38]; Patient satisfaction and continuity of care	The survey was originally developed for the patient-physician outpatient encounter [39]. It proved to capture changes in patient satisfaction over time. It has since been adapted to capture the patient-nurse outpatient encounter; Relational, management, and informational continuity	No formal validity and reliability testing, however, item generation including the testing procedure provides sufficient content validity	12 multiple-choice items, including items concerning waiting time, continuity of care, length of visit, information, interpersonal manner, and fulfilment of expectations; 4-point scale from 1 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much)
Uijen AA et al (2011 [40] and 2012 [41]); Nijmegen Continuity Questionnaire (NCQ)	To measure continuity of care from the patients’ perspectives across primary and secondary care settings; Personal continuity, team continuity, and cross-boundary continuity	Internal consistency, content validity, structural validity, and construct validity	28 items in three subdomains; 5-point scale from 1 to 5
Stokes T et al (2005) [42]; General Practitioners’ Views on Continuity of Care survey	Measures the perceived importance of the types of continuity of care and doctor or practice characteristics that may influence attitudes toward personal continuity of care—adapted for nurse-patient context; Relational, management, and informational continuity	Good internal consistency (alpha=.78). The scale score correlated highly with the overall rating of the importance of personal continuity (P<.001)	25 items over four domains; 5-point scale from 1 to 5
Cameron KS et al (2011) [43]; Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument	Assesses six key dimensions of organizational culture: dominant characteristics of an organization, organizational leadership, management of employees, organizational glue, strategic emphasis, and criteria of success	Widely tested	Six dimensions with four alternatives (24 items); 4-point scale from A to D
Gardner G et al (2017) [44]; The Advanced Practice Nursing Role Delineation Questionnaire (APRD)	A self-assessment tool that provides a standardized understanding of advanced practice. It is designed to support health service planning, cross-discipline team development, and demonstration of achievement of practice at this level.	Evidence based	Five items: clinical care, optimizing health systems, education, research, and leadership; 5-point scale from 0 to 4

^aMACS: Multidisciplinary Ambulatory Consulting Service.

^bEuroQol: European Quality-of-Life Scale.

^cEQ-5D: European Quality-of-Life Five-Dimension Scale.