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. 2019 Nov 20;20(23):5822. doi: 10.3390/ijms20235822

Table 1.

SMAD4 loss-induced changes in vivo (animal models).

Models Factors Changed Function Observed
GEMM 1 [59,67] Ccl9 upregulation CCR1+ myeloid cell recruitment
Xenograft [8,9,10] CCL15 upregulation CCR1+ TAN/MDSC recruitment
GEMM [75] Wnt activation Dedifferentiation Stem cell characteristics
Allograft [80] PI3K/Akt/CDC2/survivin activation 5-FU resistance

1 GEMM, genetically-engineered mouse model.