Table 1.
Metabolites Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Common Carotid Artery–IMT in HIV-Positive Patients Treated With Antiretroviral Therapy
| Univariablea | Multivariableb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total c-IMT Cross-sectionalc (n = 49) | Diff (95% CI), mm | P | Diff (95% CI), mm | P |
| Purine/pyrimidine metabolism | ||||
| Xanthosine | 0.160 (0.005 to 0.314) | .04 | 0.128 (0.040 to 0.216) | .005 |
| Uridine | 0.283 (0.069 to 0.497) | .01 | 0.165 (0.041 to 0.289) | .01 |
| Lysine degradation | ||||
| Pipecolate | –0.234 (–0.337 to –0.130) | <.001 | ||
| g-butyrobetaine | –0.344 (–0.577 to –0.110) | .004 | –0.190 (–0.314 to –0.067) | .003 |
| Tryptophan metabolism | ||||
| Indole-3-acetate | 0.102 (0.009 to 0.194) | .03 | 0.056 (0.007 to 0.106) | .03 |
| Quinolinate | 0.169 (0.011 to 0.327) | .04 | 0.115 (0.018 to 0.211) | .02 |
| cca-IMT cross-sectionalc (n = 49) | Diff (95% CI), mm | P | Diff (95% CI), mm | P |
| Purine/pyrimidine metabolism | ||||
| Xanthosine | 0.108 (–0.032 to 0.248) | .13 | ||
| Uridine | 0.218 (0.024 to 0.413) | .03 | ||
| Lysine degradation | ||||
| Pipecolate | –0.193 (–0.288 to –0.099) | <.001 | ||
| g-butyrobetaine | –0.293 (–0.504 to –0.082) | .007 | –0.227 (–0.399 to –0.054) | .01 |
| Tryptophan metabolism | ||||
| Indole-3-acetate | 0.118 (0.035 to 0.201) | .006 | 0.078 (0.010 to 0.145) | .03 |
| Quinolinate | 0.099 (–0.046 to 0.243) | .18 | ||
| cca-IMT progressiond (n = 31) | Diff (95% CI), mm ∆/y | P | Diff (95% CI), mm ∆/y | P |
| Purine/pyrimidine metabolism | ||||
| Xanthosine | 0.062 (–0.161 to 0.285) | .6 | ||
| Uridine | 0.235 (–0.098 to 0.569) | .16 | ||
| Lysine degradation | ||||
| Pipecolate | –0.105 (–0.307 to 0.098) | .3 | ||
| g-butyrobetaine | –0.189 (–0.560 to 0.183) | .3 | ||
| Tryptophan metabolism | ||||
| Indole-3-acetate | 0.148 (0.014 to 0.282) | .03 | 0.182 (0.053 to 0.311) | .008 |
| Quinolinate | 0.341 (0.083 to 0.599) | .01 | 0.400 (0.149 to 0.651) | .003 |
Data were obtained from HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy.
Abbrieviations: ∆, change; c-IMT, carotid intima-media thickness; cca, common carotid artery; diff, difference.
aOnly metabolites with P values <.1 in univariable analysis (for the c-IMT cross-sectional analysis) are provided; all other estimates are provided in Supplementary Table 2. The metabolites in the c-IMT cross-sectional univariable analysis were used as candidates for the cca-IMT cross-sectional and progression analysis.
bMultivariable models were adjusted for age, hypertension, diabetes, and creatinine clearance. The following metabolites were excluded: c-IMT cross-sectional—pipecolate (P = .899); cca-IMT cross-sectional—uridine (P = .131), pipecolate (P = .432); cca-IMT progression—none.
cAn evaluation of metabolite levels and c-IMT/cca-IMT was performed at the same moment in the cross-sectional studies. “Diff” represents the mm change in IMT for each log10 (area) increase in metabolite level.
dIn a subset of patients with a second cca-IMT measure (occurring a median [interquartile range] of 5.1 [4.8–5.3] years) after the first measure), metabolite levels at the time of first IMT measure were used to model mm change in cca-IMT per year. “Diff in mm ∆/y” represents the mm change in slope of IMT regression/progression for each log10 (area) increase in metabolite level.