Table 1.
Animal studies regarding the functions of NSAIDs in bone remodeling and fracture healing
| Category | NSAIDs | Dosage | Model | Function | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COX-2 inhibitor | Celecoxib | 3, 10, 50 mg/kg/day | Mice | No effect on fracture healing | [92, 93] |
| 10 mg/kg/day | Rat | No effect on fracture consolidation | [98] | ||
| 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 mg/kg/day | Rat | Inhibit fracture consolidation with all doses over time course | [95–98] | ||
| 1 mg/kg | Rat | No effect on fracture consolidation | [99] | ||
| Acetic acid | Diclofenac | 1, 2 mg/kg/day | Rat | No effect on fracture healing | [100] |
| Etodolac | 20 mg/kg/day | Rat | Inhibits fracture consolidation | [101] | |
| Indomethacin | 2 mg/kg/day | Rat | Inhibits bone remodeling | [101] | |
| Short-term | Rat | Inhibits fracture consolidation | [102] | ||
| Propionic acid | Ibuprofen | 30 mg/kg/day | Mice | No effect on fracture healing | [103] |
| 30 mg/kg/day | Rat | No effect on fracture consolidation | [104] | ||
| 30 mg/kg/day | Rat | Inhibits fracture consolidation | [105] | ||
| 7.5, 17, 34 mg/kg/day | Rabbit | Inhibits fracture healing with dose response | [83] | ||
| Naproxen | 4–28 mg/L | Rat | Inhibit osteoclastic activity and bone resorption | [106] | |
| 100 mg/L | Rat | Prevents transient loss of bone mass and structural deterioration | [107] | ||
| 10 mg/kg/day | Rat | No effect on BMD and biomechanical properties of spine and femur | [108] |
NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, BMD bone mineral density