Table 2.
Clinical effects of aspirin and NSAIDs on BMD and skeletal regeneration
| Category | NSAIDs | Usage and dosage | Function (longest time point, month) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSAIDs | NSAIDs | Daily use | No effect on bone resorption | [23] |
| Regular and incidental use | No effect on bone remodeling | [88] | ||
| 5–7 times/week | Modest beneficial effect on BMD, no protective effect on subsequent risk of fractures | [87] | ||
| COX-2 inhibitor | Celecoxib | 200–400 mg/day | Reduces radiographic progression of structural damage of ankylosing spondylitis (24 m) | [109] |
| 200 mg/day | No effect on osteointegration of cementless total hip stems | [110] | ||
| 2 or 4 mg/kg/day | Impairs fracture healing | [89] | ||
| Acetic acid | Diclofenac | 150 mg/day | Inhibits bone resorption | [111] |
| Indomethacin | 75 mg/day | No difference in fracture healing grade distribution | [112] | |
| 100 mg/day | Impairs fracture healing grade | [101] | ||
| Propionic acid | Flurbiprofen | 200 mg/day | Decreases excellent functional result | [113] |
| 2400 mg/day | Bone loss around implants (6 m) | [91, 92] | ||
| 1200 mg/day | Increases bone resorption | [90] | ||
| Naproxen | 1000 mg/day | Bone defect fill and resorption (9 m) | [114] | |
| Flurbiprofen | 100 mg/day |
Inhibits periosteal bone formation Inhibits bone resorption |
[115] | |
| Enolic acid | Piroxicam | 20 mg/day | No effect on BMD and fracture healing | [116] |
NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, BMD bone mineral density