Table 1.
The characteristics of the sample divided by gender
| Male n = 523 (%) | Female n = 613 (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-rated health (SRH) | |||
| Excellent | 70 (13.4) | 66 (10.8) | ns |
| Very good | 190 (36.6) | 221 (36.1) | ns |
| Good | 190 (36.6) | 214 (34.9) | ns |
| Moderate | 64 (12.2) | 99 (16.2) | ns |
| Poor | 9 (1.7) | 13 (2.1) | ns |
| Pulmonary diseasea | 113 (20.3) | 150 (23.5) | ns |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 89 (15.9) | 76 (11.8) | 0.044 |
| Diabetes | 68 (12.2) | 56 (8.8) | ns |
| Stroke | 35 (6.5) | 42 (6.7) | ns |
| Depression | 37 (6.7) | 70 (11.0) | 0.011 |
| Anxiety | 16 (2.9) | 56 (8.8) | 0.000 |
| Vision impairment (mild to severe) | 297 (54.0) | 312 (49.1) | ns |
| Hearing impairment (mild to severe) | 207 (37.7) | 165 (25.9) | 0.000 |
| Social contacts index | |||
| Daily | 203 (39.8) | 316 (52.1) | ns |
| Once a week | 269 (52.7) | 269 (45.2) | ns |
| Once a month | 34 (6.7) | 7 (1.2) | ns |
| More seldom or never | 4 (0.8) | 3 (0.5) | ns |
| Perceived loneliness | |||
| Never | 495 (89.7) | 494 (77.7) | 0.000 |
| Sometimes | 43 (7.8) | 106 (16.7) | 0.000 |
| Often | 14 (2.5) | 36 (5.7) | 0.000 |
aPulmonary disease included asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. bCardiovascular disease included heart attack, chronic heart failure, angina pectoris, and intermittent claudication