Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up changes in physiological markers and disease risk predictions following 12-week intervention in participants who completed both the baseline and follow-up testing only
| HWP | NHS | GYM | Δ Change | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline ± SD | Follow-up ± SD | Baseline ± SD | Follow-up ± SD | Baseline ± SD | Follow-up ± SD | Time | Time x Intervention | ||
| Anthropometrics | Body Mass (kg) | 106.38 ± 14.90 | 101.21 ± 14.16 | 103.13 ± 16.92 | 98.94 ± 16.97 | 98.98 ± 13.54 | 97.81 ± 12.61 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 |
| Body Mass Index (kg.m2) | 35.86 ± 3.41 | 34.16 ± 3.73 | 35.25 ± 3.51 | 33.82 ± 3.86 | 34.85 ± 2.97 | 34.50 ± 3.20 | < 0.01 | < 0.05 | |
| Waist Circumference (cm) | 108.6 ± 12.3 | 101.9 ± 8.8 | 107.2 ± 12.0 | 96.4 ± 12.2 | 104.9 ± 10.2 | 98.2 ± 11.3 | < 0.001 | NS | |
| Hip Circumference (cm) | 119.5 ± 10.2 | 114.6 ± 9.9 | 119.0 ± 10.3 | 113.7 ± 11.0 | 117.8 ± 6.2 | 115.0 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | NS | |
| Body Fat (%) | 40.9 ± 9.1 | 39.4 ± 8.9 | 39.4 ± 8.9 | 39.2 ± 7.5 | 40.3 ± 7.7 | 40.2 ± 7.9 | NS | NS | |
| Body Fat (kg) | 43.1 ± 9.3 | 39.4 ± 10.0 | 40.5 ± 11.1 | 38.7 ± 9.9 | 39.8 ± 9.0 | 39.2 ± 9.3 | NS | NS | |
| Fat Free Mass (kg) | 63.3 ± 15.1 | 60.5 ± 12.8 | 62.1 ± 14.6 | 60.4 ± 13.5 | 59.4 ± 12.3 | 58.2 ± 10.9 | < 0.01 | NS | |
| Hemodynamics | Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 138 ± 19 | 134 ± 14 | 129 ± 12 | 129 ± 11 | 129 ± 11 | 130 ± 8 | NS | NS |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 91 ± 12 | 87 ± 8 | 82 ± 7 | 82 ± 8 | 81 ± 7 | 82 ± 7 | NS | NS | |
| Mean Arterial Pressure (mmHg) | 106 ± 14 | 104 ± 10 | 98 ± 8 | 99 ± 9 | 97 ± 7 | 97 ± 11 | NS | NS | |
| Resting Heart Rate (beat/min) | 70 ± 10 | 70 ± 9 | 70 ± 11 | 68 ± 9 | 68 ± 8 | 65 ± 9 | NS | NS | |
| Hematology | Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.27 ± 0.66 | 5.20 ± 1.09 | 5.20 ± 0.51 | 4.76 ± 0.59 | 5.08 ± 0.50 | 4.90 ± 0.39 | < 0.05 | NS |
| Insulin (mlU/L) | 16 ± 24 | 10 ± 6 | 10 ± 6 | 8 ± 4 | 20 ± 47 | 9 ± 5 | NS | NS | |
| HOMA-Insulin Resistance (au) | 3.8 ± 5.2 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 11.6 | 4.7 ± 11.6 | NS | NS | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.14 ± 1.49 | 1.68 ± 0.99 | 1.84 ± 1.22 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.47 ± 0.87 | 1.40 ± 1.05 | 0.01 | NS | |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.29 ± 0.84 | 4.89 ± 1.03 | 5.43 ± 0.80 | 5.13 ± 0.74 | 5.00 ± 1.07 | 5.07 ± 1.46 | NS | NS | |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.28 ± 0.30 | 1.31 ± 0.28 | 1.39 ± 0.40 | 1.49 ± 0.42 | 1.31 ± 0.36 | 1.38 ± 0.33 | < 0.001 | NS | |
| Total: HDL Cholesterol Ratio | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 4.3 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | < 0.05 | NS | |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.31 ± 1.03 | 2.92 ± 0.95 | 3.26 ± 0.68 | 3.07 ± 0.77 | 3.08 ± 1.12 | 3.00 ± 1.02 | < 0.01 | NS | |
| HbA1C DCCT (%) | 5.4 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.05 | NS | |
| Hba1C IFCC (mmol/mol) | 36 ± 7 | 33 ± 4 | 33 ± 4 | 32 ± 2 | 32 ± 4 | 33 ± 4 | < 0.05 | NS | |
| Disease Risk | QRISK2 Prediction (%) | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 0.001 | NS |
| QDiabetes Risk Prediction (%) | 8.4 ± 5.3 | 7.2 ± 4.7 | 5.6 ± 5.1 | 6.6 ± 11.2 | 5.0 ± 4.1 | 4.6 ± 3.9 | NS | NS | |
Bold denotes significant main effect of time. Δ Change (p-Value) refers to difference between pre and post intervention for all groups (time). N = 18, 21 and 24 for HWP, NHS and GYM respectively. NS denotes Non-significant. Significance accepted as p < 0.05