Fig. 1.

Tephritid life stages, the effects of mass-rearing on the gut microbiome, and the benefits of probiotic applications to the diet. a Larval stage with representation of the bacterial gut microbiome; b pupal stage, which is treated with gamma irradiation for the sterile insect technique (SIT); c adult and egg stages with representation of the adult gut microbiome. Larval and pupal illustrations adapted from Hely et al. [97] and adult illustration adapted from the Australian Insect Names Website by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and Department of Agriculture and Fisheries [98]