Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population, by intervention and control village status

	Control n = 994	Intervention n = 832	P-valuea
Household characteristics
Caregiver education ≥primary school, n (%)	465 (46.8%)	460 (55.3%)	0.066
Caste/tribe, n (%)			0.009
Scheduled caste	199 (23.8%)	99 (13.8%)
Scheduled tribe	149 (17.8%)	115 (16.0%)
Other backward caste	302 (36.2%)	271 (37.6%)
Other caste	185 (22.2%)	235 (32.6%)
Wealth index quintile, n (%)			0.018
Poorest	243 (27.4%)	127 (16.9%)
Poor	167 (18.8%)	152 (20.2%)
Middle	191 (21.6%)	142 (18.9%)
Rich	171 (19.3%)	157 (20.9%)
Richest	114 (12.9%)	173 (23.0%)
On-premise piped water, n (%)	86 (8.7%)	534 (64.2%)	<0.001
Improved toilet, n (%)	183 (18.4%)	682 (82.3%)	<0.001
No interruption in water availability, combined n (%)	899 (90.4%)	656 (78.8%)	<0.001
No interruption in previous 2 weeks	946 (95.2%)	720 (86.5%)	<0.001
No interruption in previous 24 h	910 (91.5%)	705 (84.7%)	<0.001
Handwashing station, n (%)	467 (61.1%)	565 (84.6%)	<0.001
Proportion of household members using improved sanitation	0.11 (0.27)	0.55 (0.37)	<0.001
Drinking water storage, n (%)			<0.001
No storage	4 (0.4%)	24 (2.9%)
Safe storage (narrow mouth, covered container)	222 (22.4%)	168 (20.3%)
Unsafe storage	766 (77.2%)	635 (76.8%)
Household food insecurity, n (%)			0.484
No to little hunger	754 (96.4%)	650 (97.5%)
Moderate to severe hunger	26 (3.3%)	17 (2.5%)
Minimum dietary diversity, n (%)	509 (54.6%)	479 (60.6%)	0.116
Livestock ownership, n (%)	353 (41.5%)	305 (42.9%)	0.882
Child characteristics
Age, months	31.9 (16.3)	32.1 (16.0)	0.787
Sex, female n (%)	515 (51.8%)	415 (49.9%)	0.438
HAZ	−1.77 (1.12)	−1.48 (1.17)	0.009

^a P-values adjusted for clustering at the village level.