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. 2020 Jan 1;10(1):323–339. doi: 10.7150/thno.38870

Figure 2.

Figure 2

F. nucleatum Promotes Cancer Autophagy Activation in vitro.(A) ssGSEA was conducted to reveal the relationship between the abundance of F. nucleatum and the autophagy-related pathway activity in CRC cells. (B-F) Real-time PCR was performed in HCT116 cells cocultured with F. nucleatum (F01) or PBS (control) (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001; unpaired Student's t-test; the bars indicate the SD of three experiments). (G-H) Western blot analysis was performed to detect autophagy element expression in HCT116 (G) and SW480 (H) cells cocultured with F. nucleatum, E. coli or PBS (control). (I-J) Immunofluorescence images of LC3-Ⅱ in HCT116 cells infected with or without F. nucleatum (F01; I). The positive cells were counted in five randomly chosen fields, and the data are presented as the means ± SDs (J; **P < 0.01; unpaired Student's t-test). (K-L) Representative electron micrographs of autophagosomes (red arrows) in HCT116 cells infected with or without F. nucleatum (F01) (K; scale bar, 0.5 µm). Quantification of cells containing autophagosomes (from K) in five randomly chosen fields, and the data are presented as the means ± SDs (L; *P < 0.05, and **P < 0.01; unpaired Student's t-test).